Bill Summary – FastDemocracy

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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                               HB 303.1
                                                  HOUSE BILL NO. 303
       INTRODUCED BY A. REGIER, T. MCGILLVRAY, K. REGIER, D. ZOLNIKOV, D. LENZ, J. HINKLE, F.
   MANDEVILLE, W. MCKAMEY, M. NOLAND, M. REGIER, J. TREBAS, S. VINTON, B. BEARD, J. FULLER, K.
    BOGNER, T. MOORE, J. SCHILLINGER, K. SEEKINS-CROWE, J. GILLETTE, G. OBLANDER, T. FALK, G.
                                                  KMETZ, J. ETCHART
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  A BILL FOR AN ACT ENTITLED: “AN ACT PROVIDING PROTECTIONS FOR MEDICAL PRACTITIONER,
  HEALTH CARE INSTITUTION, AND HEALTH CARE PAYER ACTIONS BASED ON CONSCIENCE;
  PROVIDING PROTECTIONS FOR OBJECTING TO PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH CARE SERVICES BASED
  ON CONSCIENCE; PROVIDING FREE SPEECH PROTECTIONS; PROVIDING WHISTLEBLOWER
  PROTECTIONS; PROVIDING IMMUNITY; LIMITING GOVERNMENTAL LIABILITY; PROVIDING REMEDIES;
  AMENDING SECTIONS 37-1-308 AND 50-20-111, MCA; AND PROVIDING AN APPLICABILITY DATE.”
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  BE IT ENACTED BY THE LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF MONTANA:
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          NEW SECTION. Section 1.          Definitions. As used in [sections 1 through 7], unless the context
  requires otherwise, the following definitions apply:
          (1)      (a) "Conscience" means the ethical, moral, or religious beliefs or principles held by a medical
  practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer.
          (b)      With respect to institutional or corporate persons, as opposed to individual persons, the term is
  determined by reference to that entity or body's governing documents, including but not limited to published
  ethical, moral, or religious guidelines or directives, mission statements, constitutions, articles of incorporation,
  bylaws, policies, or regulations.
          (2)      (a) "Discrimination" means an adverse action taken against, or a threat of adverse action
  communicated to, a medical practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer as a result of the medical
  practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer's refusal to participate in a health care service on the
  basis of conscience, including but not limited to termination of employment, transfer from current position,
  demotion from current position, adverse administrative action, reassignment to a different shift or job title,
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                               HB 303.1
  increased administrative duties, denial of staff privileges, denial of board certification, loss of career specialty,
  reduction of wages, benefits, or privileges, refusal to award a grant, contract, or other program, refusal to
  provide residency training opportunities, denial, deprivation, or disqualification of licensure, withholding or
  disqualifying from financial aid and other assistance, impediment of the creation or improvement of a health
  care institution or health care payer, impediment of the acquisition or merger of a health care institution or
  health care payer, the threat of any of the preceding actions, or any other penalty, disciplinary, or retaliatory
  action, whether executed or threatened.
          (b)      The term does not include the negotiation or purchase of insurance by a nongovernment entity.
          (3)      (a) "Health care institution" means a public or private hospital, outpatient center for primary
  care, medical center, physician organization, professional association, outpatient center for surgical services,
  private physician's office, pharmacy, long-term care facility, medical school, nursing school, medical training
  facility, or any other entity or location in which health care services are performed.
          (b)      The term includes but is not limited to organizations, corporations, partnerships, associations,
  agencies, networks, sole proprietorships, or joint ventures.
          (4)      "Health care payer" means an employer, health plan, health maintenance organization,
  insurance company, management services organization, or another entity that pays for or arranges for payment
  for a health care service, in whole or in part.
          (5)      "Health care service" means medical research or medical care provided to a patient at any time
  during the patient's course of treatment, including but not limited to initial examination, testing, diagnosis,
  referral, dispensing or administration of a drug, medication, or device, psychological therapy or counseling,
  research, prognosis, therapy, record-making procedures, notes related to treatment, set up, or performance of
  a surgery or procedure, or any other care or service performed or provided by a medical practitioner.
          (6)      (a) "Medical practitioner" means a person who is or may be asked to participate in a health
  care service.
          (b)      The term includes but is not limited to physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants,
  nurses, nurse aides, allied health professionals, medical assistants, hospital employees, employees of an
  outpatient center for primary care, outpatient center for surgical services, or long-term care facility, pharmacists,
  pharmacy technicians, pharmacy employees, medical school faculty and students, nursing school faculty and
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                                HB 303.1
  students, psychology and counseling faculty and students, medical researchers, laboratory technicians,
  counselors, social workers, or any other person who facilitates or participates in a health care service.
          (7)      "Participate in a health care service" means to provide, perform, assist with, facilitate, refer for,
  counsel for, advise with regard to, admit for the purposes of providing, or take part in any way in providing a
  health care service.
          (8)      "Person" means one or more individuals, partnerships, associations, or corporations.
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          NEW SECTION. Section 2.          Right of conscience for health care institutions and health care
  payers -- immunity -- exceptions. (1) (a) A health care institution or health care payer may not be required to
  participate in or pay for a health care service that violates the health care institution's or health care payer's
  conscience, including by permitting the use of its facilities.
          (b)      An insurance company shall list any health care service that it may refuse to pay for on the
  basis of conscience in the applicable policy.
          (2)      Except as provided in subsection (5), refusal to participate in or pay for a health care service
  under this section may not give rise to liability of the health care institution or health care payer for damages
  allegedly arising from the refusal or be the basis for any discrimination, discipline, or other recriminatory action
  against the health care institution, health care payer, or any personnel, agent, or governing board.
          (3)      Nothing in this section may be construed to relieve a health care institution of the requirement
  to provide emergency medical treatment to all patients set forth in 42 U.S.C. 1395dd.
          (4)      This section is supplemental to and may not be construed as modifying or limiting the rights
  and remedies provided in Title 50, chapter 5, part 5, and 50-20-111.
          (5)      The immunity provisions of this section do not apply to a health care institution or health care
  payer owned or operated by the state or a political subdivision of the state.
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          NEW SECTION. Section 3.          Right of conscience for medical practitioners -- affirmative consent
  for abortion services -- immunity -- exceptions. (1) A medical practitioner has the right not to participate in a
  health care service that violates the medical practitioner's conscience. A health care institution may not be held
  liable for the exercise of conscience not to participate in a health care service by a medical practitioner
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                                 HB 303.1
  employed, contracted, or granted admitting privileges by the health care institution.
          (2)      A health care institution may require the exercise of conscience as a basis for not participating
  in a health care service to be made in writing and signed by the medical practitioner objecting. A writing made
  under this subsection may refer only generally to the grounds of "conscience".
          (3)      A medical practitioner's refusal to participate in a health care service based on an exercise of
  conscience may not be a consideration with respect to staff privileges of a health care institution or a basis for
  discrimination, discipline, or other recriminatory action against the medical practitioner.
          (4)      A medical practitioner may not be scheduled for, assigned, or requested to directly or indirectly
  perform, facilitate, refer for, or participate in an abortion unless the medical practitioner first affirmatively
  consents in writing as provided in 50-20-111.
          (5)      Except as provided under Article II, section 18, of the Montana constitution, a medical
  practitioner may not be held liable for damages allegedly arising from the exercise of conscience not to
  participate in a health care service.
          (6)      This section is supplemental to and may not be construed as modifying or limiting the rights
  and remedies provided in Title 50, chapter 5, part 5, and 50-20-111.
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          NEW SECTION. Section 4.          Exercise of conscience not grounds for loss of privileges,
  immunities, or public benefits. The exercise of conscience not to participate in a health care service by a
  medical practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer may not be grounds for loss of any privileges
  or immunities or for the loss of any public benefits. This section is supplemental to and may not be construed as
  modifying or limiting the rights and remedies provided in Title 50, chapter 5, part 5, and 50-20-111.
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          NEW SECTION. Section 5.          Whistleblower protections. (1) A medical practitioner or health care
  institution may not be discriminated against because the medical practitioner or health care institution:
          (a)      provides, causes to be provided, or intends to provide or cause to be provided information
  relating to a suspected violation of [sections 1 through 7] to the medical practitioner or health care institution's
  employer, the attorney general, any agency charged with protecting health care rights of conscience, the United
  States department of health and human services, the United States office for civil rights, or any other federal
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                               HB 303.1
  agency charged with protecting health care rights of conscience;
          (b)      testifies or intends to testify in a proceeding concerning a violation of [sections 1 through 7]; or
          (c)      assists or participates, or intends to assist or participate, in a proceeding.
          (2)      Except as provided in subsection (3), it is unlawful to discriminate against a medical practitioner
  because the medical practitioner discloses information that the medical practitioner reasonably believes
  evinces:
          (a)      a violation of any law, rule, or regulation;
          (b)      a violation of any standard of care or ethical guidelines for the provision of any health care
  service; or
          (c)      gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, practices or methods of
  treatment that may put patient health at risk, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.
          (3)      Nothing in this section may be construed to exempt a person from the requirements of Title 50,
  chapter 16, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, 42 U.S.C. 1320d, et seq., or
  any other applicable confidentiality and patient privacy requirements.
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          NEW SECTION. Section 6.         Free speech protections -- notification of complaints -- penalty. (1)
  The department of public health and human services, a licensing board operating under Title 37, or any other
  entity that grants licensure or certification may not reprimand, sanction, or revoke or threaten to revoke a
  license, certificate, or registration of a medical practitioner who is licensed or certified by the department or
  board for engaging in speech or expressive activity protected under the first amendment to the U.S.
  constitution, unless the department or board demonstrates beyond a reasonable doubt that the medical
  practitioner’s speech was the direct cause of physical harm to a person with whom the medical practitioner had
  a practitioner-patient relationship within the 3 years immediately preceding the incident of physical harm.
          (2)      (a) Within 14 days of receiving a complaint that may result in revocation of a medical
  practitioner's license, the department, licensing board, or other licensing or certification entity shall provide the
  medical practitioner with a copy of the complaint.
          (b)      If the department, licensing board, or other licensing or certification entity fails to provide the
  complaint within 14 days of receipt, the department or licensing board shall pay the medical practitioner an
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                                HB 303.1
  administrative penalty of $500 for each week of noncompliance.
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           NEW SECTION. Section 7.         Unlawful interference. (1) It is unlawful to interfere or attempt to
  interfere with the right not to participate in a health care service or the whistleblower and free speech rights and
  protections authorized by [sections 1 through 7], whether by duress, coercion, or any other means.
           (2)      A medical practitioner, health care institution, or health care payer injured by unlawful
  interference is entitled to:
           (a)      injunctive relief, when appropriate, including but not limited to reinstatement of a medical
  practitioner to the medical practitioner's previous position, reinstatement of board certification, and relicensure
  of a health care institution or health care payer;
           (b)      monetary damages for injuries suffered; and
           (c)      reasonable costs and attorney fees.
           (3)      This section is supplemental to and may not be construed as modifying or limiting the rights
  and remedies provided in Title 50, chapter 5, part 5, and 50-20-111.
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           Section 8. Section 37-1-308, MCA, is amended to read:
           "37-1-308.    Unprofessional conduct -- complaint -- investigation -- immunity -- exceptions. (1)
  Except as provided in subsections (4) and (5), a person, government, or private entity may submit a written
  complaint to the department charging a licensee or license applicant with a violation of this part and specifying
  the grounds for the complaint.
           (2)      (a) If the department receives a written complaint or otherwise obtains information that a
  licensee or license applicant may have committed a violation of this part, the department may, with the
  concurrence of a member of the screening panel established in 37-1-307, investigate to determine whether
  there is reasonable cause to believe that the licensee or license applicant has committed the violation.
           (b)      If the complaint alleges an activity by a licensee whose free speech rights are protected under
  [section 6], the department or licensing board receiving the complaint must comply with the notification
  requirements of [section 6].
           (3)      A person or private entity, but not a government entity, filing a complaint under this section in
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68th Legislature 2023                                                                                                 HB 303.1
  good faith is immune from suit in a civil action related to the filing or contents of the complaint.
           (4)      A person under legal custody of a county detention center or incarcerated under legal custody
  of the department of corrections may not file a complaint under subsection (1) against a licensed or certified
  provider of health care or rehabilitative services for services that were provided to the person while detained or
  confined in a county detention center or incarcerated under legal custody of the department of corrections
  unless the complaint is first reviewed by a correctional health care review team provided for in 37-1-331.
           (5)      A board member may file a complaint with the board on which the member serves or otherwise
  act in concert with a complainant in developing, authoring, or initiating a complaint to be filed with t