The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Ethics and Elections
BILL: CS/SB 1372
INTRODUCER: Ethics and Elections Committee and Senator Ingoglia
SUBJECT: Political Advertisements for Nonpartisan Office
DATE: March 22, 2023 REVISED:
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Biehl Roberts EE Fav/CS
2. CA
3. RC
Please see Section IX. for Additional Information:
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE - Substantial Changes
I. Summary:
CS/SB 1372 repeals the following provisions applicable to candidates for nonpartisan office:
A prohibition against including the candidate’s political affiliation in his or her political
advertisement.
A prohibition against campaigning based on party affiliation.
The bill also makes conforming changes.
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
II. Present Situation:
Current law defines “political advertisement” to mean a paid expression in a communications
medium,1 whether radio, television, newspaper, magazine, periodical, campaign literature, direct
mail, or display or by means other than the spoken word in direct conversation, which expressly
advocates the election or defeat of a candidate or the approval or rejection of an issue. 2 However,
the term does not include:
A statement by an organization, in existence before the time during which a candidate
qualifies or an issue is placed on the ballot for that election, in support of or in opposition to a
1
Section 106.011(4), F.S., defines “communications medium” to include broadcasting stations, newspapers, magazines,
outdoor advertising facilities, printers, direct mail, advertising agencies, the Internet, and telephone companies.
2
Section 106.011(15), F.S.
BILL: CS/SB 1372 Page 2
candidate or issue, in that organization’s newsletter, which newsletter is distributed only to
the members of that organization.
Editorial endorsements by a newspaper, a radio or television station, or any other recognized
news medium. 3
Each political advertisement paid for by a candidate running for a partisan office must
prominently state a specified disclaimer that provides the candidate’s name; party affiliation or
“write-in candidate,” as applicable; and office sought. 4 A political advertisement of a candidate
running for nonpartisan office, however, may not state the candidate’s political affiliation,
although the advertisement may state the candidate’s partisan-related experience. In addition, a
candidate for nonpartisan office is prohibited from campaigning based on party affiliation. 5
Current law defines “nonpartisan office” as an office for which a candidate is prohibited from
campaigning or qualifying for election or retention in office based on party affiliation. 6 The
Election Code7 specifies that judicial offices and school board seats are nonpartisan offices. 8 The
specification that school board seats are nonpartisan offices is also provided in the Florida
Constitution. 9 In addition, many local government offices are nonpartisan. 10
In a recent case filed in federal district court, a school board candidate alleged the law
prohibiting candidates for nonpartisan office from advertising or campaigning based on party
affiliation unconstitutionally violated his First Amendment political speech rights.11 On
November 8, 2022, the judge in the case ruled in favor of the school board candidate and
permanently enjoined the named defendants from enforcing the challenged statutory provisions
with regard to nonpartisan candidates.12
3
Id.
4
Sections 106.143(1) and (3), F.S.
5
Section 106.143(3), F.S.
6
Section 97.021(23), F.S.
7
Chapters 97-106, F.S.
8
See, specifically, ch. 105, F.S. Section 105.011(2), F.S., specifies that a judicial candidate is a nonpartisan office, and a
candidate for election or retention thereto is prohibited from campaigning or qualifying for such an office based on party
affiliation.
9
Article IX, s. 4(a), F LA. CONST. School board seats were historically partisan offices, until the adoption by voters of a 1998
amendment to the Florida Constitution that, among other provisions, made school board seats nonpartisan (see Florida
Constitution Revision, Analysis of the Revisions for the November 1998 Ballot, http://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-
Collections/CRC/CRC-1998/tabloid.html#R11, last visited March 17, 2023).
10
Section 100.3605, F.S., provides that the Election Code governs the conduct of a municipality’s election in the absence of
an applicable special act, charter, or ordinance provision. It prohibits the adoption of a charter or ordinance provision that
conflicts with or exempts a municipality from any provision in the Election Code that expressly applies to municipalities.
11
Hetherington v. Madden, United States District Court, N.D. Florida, 2022 WL 18356994, November 8, 2022.
12
Although the judge enjoined enforcement of the challenged provisions against nonpartisan candidates generally, earlier in
the order she noted that while “a school board member’s decisions can and should be responsive to the electorate, contrary to
a judicial officer’s, the free exchange of ideas during the election is core.” Also see Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar, 575 U.S.
443 (2015) at 447 (noting the role of judges, who must decide cases based on fairness and independence, differs from the role
of politicians, who may decide issues based on the preferences of their supporters).
BILL: CS/SB 1372 Page 3
III. Effect of Proposed Changes:
The bill deletes provisions generally prohibiting candidates for nonpartisan office from
advertising or campaigning based on party affiliation. Judicial candidates will still be prohibited
from campaigning based on party affiliation. 13
As conforming changes to the repeal of the general prohibition, the bill revises:
The general Election Code definition of “nonpartisan office” to delete a reference to
campaigning based on party affiliation.
Specifications for political advertisement disclaimers to provide separate formats for partisan
and nonpartisan offices.
This bill does not affect the process for elections for nonpartisan offices; its impact is limited to
candidates for such offices’ ability to advertise and campaign.
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
IV. Constitutional Issues:
A. Municipality/County Mandates Restrictions:
Not applicable. Bills that affect state or local elections are exempt from Art. VII, s. 18 of
the Florida Constitution.
B. Public Records/Open Meetings Issues:
None.
C. Trust Funds Restrictions:
None.
D. State Tax or Fee Increases:
None.
E. Other Constitutional Issues:
None.
13
Section 105.10, F.S., provides that if any provision of the chapter conflicts with any other provision in the Election Code,
the provision in ch. 105 prevails. Section 105.011(2), F.S., specifies that a judicial candidate is a nonpartisan office, and a
candidate for election or retention thereto is prohibited from campaigning or qualifying for such an office based on party
affiliation.
BILL: CS/SB 1372 Page 4
V. Fiscal Impact Statement:
A. Tax/Fee Issues:
None.
B. Private Sector Impact:
None.
C. Government Sector Impact:
None.
VI. Technical Deficiencies:
None.
VII. Related Issues:
None.
VIII. Statutes Affected:
This bill substantially amends sections 97.021 and 106.143, Florida Statutes.
IX. Additional Information:
A. Committee Substitute – Statement of Substantial Changes:
(Summarizing differences between the Committee Substitute and the prior version of the bill.)
CS by Ethics and Elections on March 21, 2023:
The CS makes conforming changes to the specified formats for political advertisement
disclaimers and to the Election Code’s definition of “nonpartisan office.”
B. Amendments:
None.
This Senate Bill Analysis does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill’s introducer or the Florida Senate.
Statutes affected: S 1372 Filed: 106.143
S 1372 c1: 97.021