The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Commerce and Tourism
BILL: CS/SB 388
INTRODUCER: Commerce and Tourism Committee and Senator Bradley
SUBJECT: Resale of Tickets
DATE: March 14, 2023 REVISED:
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. McMillan McKay CM Fav/CS
2. JU
3. RC
Please see Section IX. for Additional Information:
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE - Substantial Changes
I. Summary:
CS/SB 388 provides that any tickets, other than tickets for passage or accommodations on a
common carrier in Florida, multiday or multievent tickets, or event tickets originally issued by a
charitable organization, may be donated, transferred, or resold via any method, or on any ticket
marketplace, of the ticket holder’s choosing. Additionally, the bill establishes that the original
seller must have the ability to request the legal name, e-mail address, or telephone number from a
subsequent ticket holder for the purpose of venue security, provided the information requested is
not more extensive than that collected at the original point of sale.
The bill establishes that the original ticket seller may not penalize, discriminate against, or deny
access to an event to a person who purchases or resells a ticket in an authorized manner.
The bill requires an Internet website to prominently display certain disclosures and guarantees on
their homepage or ticket landing page if the Internet website wants to offer any ticket for resale
or resell any ticket for more than $1 above the admission price charged by the original ticket
seller.
The bill defines the terms “original ticket seller” and “original seller” as the issuer of such ticket
or a person or firm that provides distribution services or ticket sales services under a contract
with such issuer.
The bill provides that regulation of the sale or resale of tickets is preempted to the state.
BILL: CS/SB 388 Page 2
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
II. Present Situation:
Pricing of Resold Admission Tickets
The resale pricing of certain tickets is governed by Florida law. Section 817.36, F.S., provides
that a person or entity that offers for resale or resells any ticket (with the exception of travel
agencies under certain conditions1) may charge only $1 above the admission price charged by the
original ticket seller, for the following:
 Passage or accommodations on any common carrier in this state;
 Multiday or multievent tickets to a park or entertainment complex, or to a concert,
entertainment event, permanent exhibition, or recreational activity within such a park or
complex, including an entertainment/resort complex;2 and
 Event tickets originally issued by a tax-exempt charitable organization, when no more than
3,000 tickets are issued per performance. The following must be conspicuously printed on
the face or back of each such ticket: “Pursuant to s. 817.36, Florida Statutes, this ticket may
not be resold for more than $1 over the original admission price.” This provision does not
apply to tickets issued or sold by a third party ticketing service on behalf of a charitable
organization, unless the statement is on the ticket.
The limitation of an additional $1 above the original price of a ticket also applies to any tickets
that are resold or offered through an Internet website (except those described above), unless the
website:
 Is authorized by the original ticket seller; or
 Makes and posts the following guarantees and disclosures through Internet web pages, or
links to web pages, in text to which a prospective purchaser is directed before completion of
the resale transaction:
o The website operator guarantees a full refund of the ticket price including any servicing,
handling, or processing fees, if such fees are not disclosed, when:
o The ticketed event is canceled;
o The purchaser is denied admission to the ticketed event, unless such denial is due to the
action or omission of the purchaser;
o The ticket is not delivered to the purchaser as requested and pursuant to delivery
guarantees made by the reseller and such failure results in the purchaser’s being unable to
attend the event; and
o The website operator discloses that it is not the issuer, original seller, or reseller of the
ticket and does not control the pricing of the ticket, which may be resold for more than its
original value.
1
To qualify for this exception, travel agencies must have an established place of business in Florida and pay state, county,
and city occupational license taxes. See s. 817.36(1)(a), F.S.
2
An “Entertainment/resort complex” means a theme park comprised of at least 25 acres of land with permanent exhibitions
and a variety of recreational activities, which has at least 1 million visitors annually who pay admission fees thereto, together
with any lodging, dining, and recreational facilities located adjacent to, contiguous to, or in close proximity to the theme
park, as long as the owner(s)/operators(s) of the theme park, or a parent or related company or subsidiary thereof, has an
equity interest in the lodging, dining, or recreational facilities or is in privity therewith. Close proximity shall include an area
within a 5-mile radius of the theme park complex. See s. 561.01(18), F.S.
BILL: CS/SB 388 Page 3
Individuals or entities are not authorized to sell or purchase tickets at any price on property
where an event is being held (i.e., outside a stadium) without the prior express written consent of
the owner of the property.3
Sales tax is due on resold tickets.4
A person who knowingly resells a ticket or tickets in violation of the requirements in s. 817.36,
F.S., is liable to the state for a civil penalty equal to three times the amount of the price for which
the ticket or tickets were resold.5
Persons who intentionally use or sell software to circumvent a security measure, an access
control system, or any other control or measure on a ticket seller’s Internet website which is used
to ensure an equitable ticket-buying process, is liable to the state for a civil penalty equal to three
times the amount for which any ticket was sold.6
Purchasers and resellers of tickets may also be subject to civil penalties under the Florida
Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act (FDUTPA).7 In the absence of a contract with the
original ticket seller to distribute or sell tickets, a person who knowingly purchases from the
original ticket seller, with the intent of resale, a quantity of event tickets which exceeds the
posted8 maximum ticket limit per purchaser, violates FDUTPA.9
Preemption
Local governments have broad authority to legislate on any matter that is not inconsistent with
federal or state law. A local government enactment may be inconsistent with state law if (1) the
Legislature has preempted a particular subject area or (2) the local enactment conflicts with a
state statute. Where state preemption applies, it precludes a local government from exercising
authority in that particular area.10
Florida law recognizes two types of preemption: express and implied. Express preemption
requires a specific legislative statement; it cannot be implied or inferred.11 Express preemption of
3
See s. 817.36(2), F.S.
4
See s. 817.36(3), F.S.
5
See s. 817.36(4), F.S.
6
Id. Section 817.36(5), F.S. See also s. 817.36(6), F.S., which defines the term “software” as “computer programs that are
primarily designed or produced for the purpose of interfering with the operation of any person or entity that sells, over the
Internet, tickets of admission to a sporting event, theater, musical performance, or place of public entertainment or
amusement of any kind.” Similar federal legislation was enacted in 2016 to prohibit circumvention of ticket website security
or control measures and the subsequent sale of the fraudulently obtained tickets by someone who knew or should have known
about the violation. See The Better Online Ticket Sales Act, at 15 U.S.C. s. 45c.
7
See part II of ch. 501, F.S., relating to consumer protection (ss. 501.201-501.213, F.S.).
8
Posting of a quantity limit occurs at the point of original sale or is printed on the tickets by or on behalf of the original ticket
seller. See s. 817.357, F.S.
9
See s. 817.357, F.S.
10
See James R. Wolf and Sarah Harley Bolinder, The Effectiveness of Home Rule: A Preemptions and Conflict Analysis, 83
Fla. B.J. 92 (June 2009).
11
See City of Hollywood v. Mulligan, 934 So.2d 1238, 1243 (Fla. 2006); Phantom of Clearwater, Inc. v. Pinellas County, 894
So.2d 1011, 1018 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005), approved in Phantom of Brevard, Inc. v. Brevard County, 3 So.3d 309 (Fla. 2008).
BILL: CS/SB 388 Page 4
a field by the Legislature must be accomplished by clear language stating that intent.12 In cases
where the Legislature expressly or specifically preempts an area, there is no problem with
ascertaining what the Legislature intended.13
In cases determining the validity of ordinances enacted in the face of state preemption, the effect
has been to find such ordinances null and void.14 Implied preemption is actually a decision by the
courts to create preemption in the absence of an explicit legislative directive.15 Preemption of a
local government enactment is implied only where the legislative scheme is so pervasive as to
evidence an intent to preempt the particular area, and strong public policy reasons exist for
finding preemption.16 Implied preemption is found where the local legislation would present the
danger of conflict with the state's pervasive regulatory scheme.17
III. Effect of Proposed Changes:
The bill provides that any tickets, other than tickets for passage or accommodations on a
common carrier in Florida,18 multiday or multievent tickets,19 or event tickets originally issued
by a charitable organization,20 may be donated, transferred, or resold via any method, or on any
ticket marketplace, of the ticket holder’s choosing. Additionally, the bill establishes that the
original seller must have the ability to request the legal name, e-mail address, or telephone
number from a subsequent ticket holder for the purpose of venue security, provided the
information requested is not more extensive than that collected at the original point of sale.21
The bill establishes that the original ticket seller may not penalize, discriminate against, or deny
access to an event to a person who purchases or resells a ticket in an authorized manner.
The bill requires an Internet website to prominently display certain disclosures and guarantees on
their homepage or ticket landing page if the Internet website wants to offer any ticket for resale
or resell any ticket for more than $1 above the admission price charged by the original ticket
seller.
The bill defines the terms “original ticket seller” and “original seller” as the issuer of such ticket
or a person or firm that provides distribution services or ticket sales services under a contract
with such issuer.
12
Mulligan, 934 So.2d at 1243.
13
Sarasota Alliance for Fair Elections, Inc. v. Browning, 28 So.3d 880, 886 (Fla. 2010).
14
See, e.g., Nat’l Rifle Ass’n of Am., Inc. v. City of S. Miami, 812 So.2d 504 (Fla. 3d DCA 2002).
15
Phantom of Clearwater, Inc., 894 So.2d at 1019.
16
Id.
17
Sarasota Alliance for Fair Elections, Inc., 28 So.3d at 886.
18
This does not apply to travel agencies that have an established place of business in Florida and are required to pay state,
county, and city occupational license taxes.
19
More specifically, this exception pertains to multiday or multievent tickets to a park or entertainment complex or to a
concert, entertainment event, permanent exhibition, or recreational activity within such a park or complex, including an
entertainment/resort complex as defined in s. 561.01(18), F.S.
20
More specifically, this exception pertains to event tickets originally issued by a charitable organization exempt from
taxation under s. 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code for which no more than 3,000 tickets are issued per performance.
21
The bill provides that the collection of data from a subsequent ticket holder must not inhibit the gifting, donation, transfer,
or resale of a ticket.
BILL: CS/SB 388 Page 5
The bill provides that regulation of the sale or resale of tickets is preempted to the state.
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
IV. Constitutional Issues:
A. Municipality/County Mandates Restrictions:
None.
B. Public Records/Open Meetings Issues:
None.
C. Trust Funds Restrictions:
None.
D. State Tax or Fee Increases:
None.
E. Other Constitutional Issues:
None Identified.
V. Fiscal Impact Statement:
A. Tax/Fee Issues:
None.
B. Private Sector Impact:
None.
C. Government Sector Impact:
None.
VI. Technical Deficiencies:
None.
VII. Related Issues:
None.
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VIII. Statutes Affected:
This bill substantially amends section 817.36 of the Florida Statutes.
IX. Additional Information:
A. Committee Substitute – Statement of Substantial Changes:
(Summarizing differences between the Committee Substitute and the prior version of the bill.)
CS by Commerce and Tourism on March 13, 2023:
The committee substitute clarifies that a website must prominently make certain
guarantees and disclosures on its homepage or ticket landing page before the purchase of
any tickets if the website wants to sell a ticket for more than $1 above the initial ticket
price charged by the original ticket seller.
B. Amendments:
None.
This Senate Bill Analysis does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill’s introducer or the Florida Senate.