HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STAFF ANALYSIS
BILL #: CS/HB 75 Pub. Rec./Judicial Assistants
SPONSOR(S): Civil Justice Subcommittee; Smith; and others
TIED BILLS: IDEN./SIM. BILLS: SB 50
REFERENCE ACTION ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR or
BUDGET/POLICY CHIEF
1) Civil Justice Subcommittee 18 Y, 0 N, As CS Leshko Jones
2) Ethics, Elections & Open Government 18 Y, 0 N Shapiro Toliver
Subcommittee
3) Judiciary Committee 21 Y, 0 N Leshko Kramer
SUMMARY ANALYSIS
Judicial assistants provide essential administrative, secretarial, and clerical support functions to justices and
judges. As judicial assistants regularly speak and work with attorneys, litigants, self-represented parties, or
family members of litigants and defendants, judicial assistants may become the target of acts of retaliation or
revenge from disgruntled litigants, defendants, or their associates and family members. Although personal
identifying information of current and former justices and judges is exempt from public record requirements,
personal identifying information of judicial assistants is not exempt.
HB 75 expands the public records exemption pertaining to personal identifying information of justices and
judges to also include current judicial assistants. Specifically, the following personal identifying information is
exempt under the bill:
Home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers of judicial assistants;
Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of spouses
and children of judicial assistants; and
Names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of judicial
assistants.
Pursuant to the Open Government Sunset Review Act, this exemption will be automatically repealed on
October 2, 2028, unless reenacted by the Legislature. The bill provides a statement of public necessity as
required by the Florida Constitution.
The bill may have an insignificant negative fiscal impact on state and local governments.
The bill provides an effective date of July 1, 2023.
Article I, s. 24(c) of the Florida Constitution requires a two-thirds vote of the members present and
voting for final passage of a newly-created or expanded public records or public meeting exemption.
The bill expands an existing public record exemption to include current judicial assistants and their
families; thus, it requires a two-thirds vote for final passage.
This docum ent does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill sponsor or House of Representatives .
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DATE: 3/23/2023
FULL ANALYSIS
I. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS
A. EFFECT OF PROPOSED CHANGES:
Background
Public Records
Article I, section 24(a) of the Florida Constitution sets forth the state’s government records access
policy, guaranteeing every person a right to inspect or copy any public record of the legislative,
executive, and judicial branches of government. However, the Legislature may provide a public records
exemption by general law if the exemption passes by a two-thirds vote of each chamber, states with
specificity the public necessity justifying the exemption (“public necessity statement”), and is no broader
than necessary to meet its public purpose.1
The Florida Statutes also address the public policy regarding access to government records. Section
119.07(1), F.S., guarantees every person a right to inspect and copy any state, county, or municipal
record, unless the record is exempt. Furthermore, the Open Government Sunset Review Act2 provides
that a public record exemption may be created or maintained only if it serves an identifiable public
purpose and the Legislature finds that the purpose is sufficiently compelling to override the strong
public policy of open government and cannot be accomplished without the exemption.3 An identifiable
public purpose is served if the exemption meets one of the following purposes:
Allows the state or its political subdivisions to effectively and efficiently administer a
governmental program, which administration would be significantly impaired without the
exemption;
Protects sensitive personal information that, if released, would be defamatory or would
jeopardize an individual’s safety; however, only the identity of an individual may be exempted
under this provision; or
Protects trade or business secrets.4
Pursuant to s. 119.15, F.S., a new public records exemption or substantial amendment of an existing
public records exemption is repealed on October 2 of the fifth year following enactment, unless the
Legislature reenacts the exemption.5
Exemptions Pertaining to Justices and Judges
The Florida Legislature has provided a specific exemption for justices and judges.6 This exemption
applies to current and former justices and judges, and their families. Specifically, the exemption covers
the following:
Home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers;
Names, home addresses, dates of birth, telephone numbers, and places of employment of their
spouses and children; and
Names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by their children. 7
The exemption for justices and judges was first enacted in 1991 and exempted home addresses and
telephone numbers for justices and judges; home addresses, telephone numbers, and places of
employment of spouses and children; and the names and locations of schools and day care facilities
1 Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const.
2 Section 119.15, F.S.
3 Section 119.15(6)(b), F.S.
4 Id.
5 S. 119.15(3), F.S.
6 S. 119.071(4)(d)2.e., F.S.
7 Id.
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attended by their children.8 In 2012, the Legislature expanded the exemption to include dates of birth of
justices and judges and their spouses and children and to include former justices and judges in the
exemption.9 The Legislature found that dates of birth could be used to perpetuate fraud and acquire
sensitive personal information, the release of which could cause great financial harm to an individual.
The Legislature further found that the risk to the safety of justices and judges and their families
continues after the justices and judges complete their public service.10 Most recently, in 2017, the
Legislature further expanded the exemption to include the names of children and spouses of current
and former justices and judges.11 In the public necessity statement, the Legislature found that allowing
public access to the names of children and spouses would make them easy to find and expose them to
threats or acts of revenge, and this possibility could compromise a justice’s or judge’s ability to carry out
his or her duties without fear of retaliation against his or her family.12
Judicial Assistants
Judicial assistants provide essential administrative, secretarial, and clerical support functions to justices
and judges.13 Specifically, their responsibilities may include:
Preparing and maintaining justices’ or judges’ calendars;
Maintaining trial dockets;
Screening phone calls and visitors to a justice’s or judge’s chambers;
Preparing correspondence and orders; and
Interacting with attorneys and litigants and their family members to resolve problems such as
scheduling conflicts or other case-related issues.14
Because of their interactions with various parties, judicial assistants may be exposed to the ill will or
acts of revenge by disgruntled litigants, defendants, or their associates and family members. Numerous
judicial assistants have reported such incidents. These threats include appearing at the judicial
assistant’s home, making threatening phone calls or sending text messages on personal devices, and
making threats via personal e-mail.15
Effect of Proposed Changes
HB 75 expands the public records exemption for current and former justices and judges to include
current judicial assistants. Specifically, the following personal identifying information will be exempt16
from public record requirements under the bill:
Home addresses, dates of birth, and telephone numbers of judicial assistants;
Names, home addresses, telephone numbers, dates of birth, and places of employment of
spouses and children of judicial assistants; and
8 Ch. 91-149, Laws of Fla.
9 Ch. 2012-149, Laws of Fla.
10
Id.
11 Ch. 2017-66, Laws of Fla.
12 Id.
13 Florida Courts, Florida State Courts System Classification Specification, Classification Title: Judicial Assistant – County Court,
https://www.flcourts.gov/content/download/751310/file/Judicial -Assisant-County-Court.pdf (last visited Feb. 02, 2023); Florida Courts,
Florida State Courts System Classification Specification, Classification Title: Judicial Assistant – Circuit Court,
https://www.flcourts.gov/content/download/751317/file/Judicial -Assistant-Circuit-Court.pdf (last visited Feb. 02, 2023); Florida Courts,
Florida State Courts System Classification Specification, Classification Title: Appellate Judicial Assistant – District Court,
https://www.flcourts.gov/content/download/751180/file/appellate -judicial-assistant-district-court.pdf (last visited Feb. 02, 2023); Florida
Courts, Florida State Courts System Classification Specification, Classification Title: Appellate J udicial Assistant – Supreme Court,
https://www.flcourts.gov/content/download/751181/file/appellate -judicial-assistant-supreme-court.pdf (last visited Feb. 02, 2023).
14 Id.
15 See Judicial Assistants Association of Florida, JA Threats (2023) (on file with House Civil Justice Subcommittee).
16 There is a difference between records the Legislature designates as exempt from public record requirements and those the
Legislature deems confidential and exempt. A record classified as exempt from public disclosure may be disclosed under certain
circumstances. See WFTV, Inc. v. The School Board of Seminole, 874 So. 2d 48, 53 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004), review denied 892 So. 2d
1015 (Fla. 2004); City of Riviera Beach v. Barfield, 642 So. 2d 1135 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994); Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 687
(Fla. 5th DCA 1991). If the Legislature designates a record as confidential and exempt from public disclosure, such record ma y not be
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Names and locations of schools and day care facilities attended by the children of judicial
assistants.
The bill defines “judicial assistant” to mean a court employee assigned to a specific justice’s or judge’s
office and responsible for providing administrative, secretarial, and clerical support to the assigned
justice or judge.
Pursuant to the Open Government Sunset Review Act, this exemption will be automatically repealed on
October 2, 2028, unless reenacted by the Legislature. The bill includes the constitutionally required
public necessity statement.17
The bill provides an effective date of July 1, 2023.
B. SECTION DIRECTORY:
Section 1: Amends s. 119.071, F.S., relating to general exemptions from inspection or copying of
public records.
Section 2: Provides a public necessity statement.
Section 3: Provides an effective date of July 1, 2023.
II. FISCAL ANALYSIS & ECONOMIC IMPACT STATEMENT
A. FISCAL IMPACT ON STATE GOVERNMENT:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
B. FISCAL IMPACT ON LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
C. DIRECT ECONOMIC IMPACT ON PRIVATE SECTOR:
None.
D. FISCAL COMMENTS:
The bill may have an insignificant negative fiscal impact on entities holding records that contain
personal identifying information of judicial assistants, because staff responsible for complying with
public record requests may require training related to the expansion of the public record exemption.
Additionally, agencies could incur costs associated with redacting the confidential and exempt
information prior to releasing records. However, any additional costs will likely be absorbed within
existing resources.18
released by the custodian of public records to anyone other than the persons or entities specifically designated in statute. See Attorney
General Opinion 85-62 (August 1, 1985).
17 Art. I, s. 24(c), Fla. Const., requires each public record exemption to “state with specificity the public necessity justifyi ng the
exemption.”
18 See Justice Administrative Commission, Bill Analysis Response for Senate Bill 0050 (Dec. 14, 2022), on file with the House Civil
Justice Subcommittee; Office of the State Courts Administrator, Senate Bill 50 2023 Judicial Impact Statement (Jan. 9, 2023), on file
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III. COMMENTS
A. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES:
1. Applicability of Municipality/County Mandates Provision:
Not Applicable. This bill does not appear to require counties or municipalities to spend funds or take
action requiring the expenditures of funds; reduce the authority that counties or municipalities have
to raise revenues in the aggregate; or reduce the percentage of state tax shared with counties or
municipalities.
2. Other:
Vote Requirement
Article I, section 24(c) of the Florida Constitution requires a two-thirds vote of the members present
and voting for final passage of a newly-created or expanded public record or public meeting
exemption. The bill expands a public record exemption; thus, it requires a two-thirds vote for final
passage.
Public Necessity Statement
Article I, section 24(c) of the Florida Constitution requires a public necessity statement for a newly
created or expanded public record or public meeting exemption. The bill creates a public record
exemption; thus, it includes a public necessity statement. The public necessity statement provides, in
part, that the Legislature finds that the personal identifying information and location information of
judicial assistants can be used to perpetuate fraud or to acquire sensitive personal information that
could be used to cause financial harm. It also states that since judicial assistants assist in such tasks
as assisting in reviewing cases, maintaining the court docket, screening phone calls and visitors to a
justice’s or judge’s chambers, preparing orders, and coordinating and problem solving with attorneys
and litigants, they may incur the ill will of litigants, the accused, the convicted, and their associates
and families, and thus become a target of revenge.
Breadth of Exemption
Article 1, section 24(c) of the Florida Constitution requires a newly created or expanded public record
or public meeting exemption to be no broader than necessary to accomplish the stated purpose of
the law. The bill expands a public record exemption for specified information concerning current and
former justices and judges to include current judicial assistants, which does not appear to be broader
than necessary to accomplish its purpose.
B. RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY:
The bill neither provides authority for nor requires rulemaking by executive branch agencies.
C. DRAFTING ISSUES OR OTHER COMMENTS:
None.
IV. AMENDMENTS/COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE CHANGES
On January 26, 2023, the Civil Justice Subcommittee adopted a strike-all amendment and reported the bill
favorably as a committee substitute. The amendment provided a definition for “judicial assistant,” removed
former judicial assistants from the exemption, provided an Open Government Sunset Review date for the
exemption, and amended language in the statement of public necessity.
This analysis is drafted to the committee substitute as passed by the Civil Justice Subcommittee.
with the House Civil Justice Subcommittee; Florida Court Clerks and Comptrollers, Senate Bill 50 Bill Analysis (Jan. 11, 2023), on file
with the House Civil Justice Subcommittee.
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Statutes affected: H 75 Filed: 119.071
H 75 c1: 119.071