HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STAFF ANALYSIS
BILL #: CS/CS/HB 67 Protection of Specified Personnel
SPONSOR(S): Judiciary Committee, Criminal Justice Subcommittee, Gottlieb and others
TIED BILLS: IDEN./SIM. BILLS: CS/SB 174
REFERENCE ACTION ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR or
BUDGET/POLICY CHIEF
1) Criminal Justice Subcommittee 17 Y, 0 N, As CS Leshko Hall
2) Justice Appropriations Subcommittee 15 Y, 0 N Smith Keith
3) Judiciary Committee 20 Y, 0 N, As CS Leshko Kramer
SUMMARY ANALYSIS
Currently, under s. 836.12, F.S., any person who threatens a law enforcement officer, a state attorney, an assistant
state attorney, a firefighter, a judge, or an elected official, or a family member of any such person, with death or
serious bodily harm commits a first-degree misdemeanor. A second or subsequent offense is a third -degree felony.
Section 838.021, F.S., provides that it is a second-degree felony to harm or a third-degree felony to threaten to harm
any public servant, his or her immediate family, or any other person with whose welfare the public servant is
interested, with the intent to:
Influence the performance of any act or omission that the perso n believes to be, or that the public servant
represents as being, within the official discretion of the public servant, in violation of a public duty, or in
performance of a public duty.
Cause or induce the public servant to use or exert any influence on a nother public servant regarding any act
or omission that the person believes to be, or that the public servant represents as being, within the official
discretion of the public servant, in violation of a public duty, or in performance of a public duty.
Additionally, s. 784.04, F.S., provides that any person who willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follows, harasses, or
cyberstalks another person commits a first-degree misdemeanor. The severity of the offense is increased to a third -
degree felony if the offender also makes a credible threat to the person. However, a single harassing telephone call
made to a public office is not currently prohibited under Florida law.
CS/CS/HB 67 amends s. 836.12, F.S., to:
Include justices, judicial assistants, clerks of court, clerk personnel, and family members of such persons to
the list of persons protected from threats of serious bodily harm or death under s. 836.12(2), F.S.;
Require a violation of s. 836.12(2), F.S., to be committed “knowingly and willfully”; and
Create a new first-degree misdemeanor offense in s. 836.12(3), F.S., to prohibit a person from knowingly
and willfully harassing a law enforcement officer, a state attorney, an assistant state attorney, a firefighter, a
judge, a justice, a judicial assistant, a clerk of court, clerk personnel, or an elected official, with the intent to
intimidate or coerce such a person to perform or refrain from performing a lawful duty.
The bill defines a “judicial assistant” as a court employee assigned to the office of a specific judge or justice
responsible for providing administrative, secretarial, and clerical support to the assigned judge or justice.
The Criminal Justice Impact Conference reviewed a similar version of the bill on March 27, 2023, and determined
the bill may have a positive insignificant impact on jail beds by expanding the scope of personnel protected from
specified threats and by creating a new misdemeanor offense for harassing specified personnel with specified
intent.
The bill provides an effective date of October 1, 2023.
This docum ent does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill sponsor or House of Representatives .
STORAGE NAME: h0067d.JDC
DATE: 4/19/2023
FULL ANALYSIS
I. SUBSTANTIVE ANALYSIS
A. EFFECT OF PROPOSED CHANGES:
Background
Threats Against Specified Personnel
Under s. 836.12, F.S., any person who threatens a law enforcement officer, 1 a state attorney, an
assistant state attorney, a firefighter, a judge, or an elected official, or a family member 2 of any such
person, with death or serious bodily harm commits a first-degree misdemeanor.3
A person who commits a second or subsequent violation of s. 836.12, F.S., commits a third-degree
felony.4
Threats Against a Public Servant
Under s. 838.021, F.S., it is unlawful to harm or threaten to harm any public servant, his or her
immediate family, or any other person with whose welfare the public servant is interested, with the
intent to:
Influence the performance of any act or omission that the person believes to be, or that the
public servant represents as being, within the official discretion of the public servant, in violation
of a public duty, or in performance of a public duty.
Cause or induce the public servant to use or exert any influence on another public servant
regarding any act or omission that the person believes to be, or that the public servant
represents as being, within the official discretion of the public servant, in violation of a public
duty, or in performance of a public duty.5
It is a second-degree felony6 if the offender unlawfully harms such a public servant or any person with
whose welfare the public servant is interested and a third-degree felony if the offender threatens to
unlawfully harm such a person.7
Written or Electronic Threats to Kill
Section 836.10, F.S., prohibits, as a second-degree felony, the sending, posting, or transmitting, or
procuring the sending, posting, or transmission of, a writing or other record, including an electronic
record,8 in any manner in which it may be viewed by another person, if the writing or record contains a
threat to kill or do bodily injury to another person or to conduct a mass shooting or an act of terrorism.9
Obscene or Harassing Telephone Calls
1 “Law enforcement officer” means: 1) A law enforcement officer as defined in s. 943.10, F.S.; or 2) a federal law enforcement officer as
defined in s. 901.1505, F.S. S. 836.12(1)(b), F.S.
2 “Family member” means: 1) an individual related to another individual by blood or marriage; or 2) an individual who stands in loco
parentis to another individual. S. 836.12(1)(a), F.S.
3 A first-degree misdemeanor is punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding one year and a $1,000 fine. Ss. 775.082 and
775.083, F.S.
4 S. 836.12(3), F.S.; A third-degree felony is punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding five years and a $5,000 fine. Ss.
775.082, 775.083, or 775.084 F.S.
5 S. 838.021(1), F.S.
6 A second degree felony is punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 15 years and a $10,000 fine. Ss. 775.082, 775.08 3, or
775.084, F.S.
7 S. 838.021(3)(a-b), F.S.
8 “Electronic record” means any record created, modified, archived, received, or distributed electronically which contains any
combination of text, graphics, video, audio, or pictorial represented in digital form, but does not include a telephone call. S. 836.10(1),
F.S.
9 S. 836.10(2), F.S.
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Under s. 365.16, F.S., it is a second-degree misdemeanor10 to:
Make a telephone call to a location at which the person receiving the call has a reasonable
expectation of privacy, and during such call make any comment, request, suggestion, or
proposal which is obscene, lewd, lascivious, filthy, vulgar, or indecent, and by such call or such
language intend to offend, annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass any person at the called number.
Make a telephone call, whether or not conversation ensues, without disclosing your identity and
with intent to annoy, abuse, threaten, or harass any person at the called number.
Make or cause the telephone of another to repeatedly or continuously ring, with intent to harass
any person at the called number.
Make repeated telephone calls, during which conversation ensues, solely to harass any person
at the called number.11
Telephone calls made in good faith in the ordinary course of business or commerce are exempt from
these provisions.12
Stalking
Under s. 784.048, F.S., it is a first-degree misdemeanor to willfully, maliciously, and repeatedly follow,
harass, or cyberstalk another person.13 The severity of the offense is increased to a third-degree felony
if the offender also makes a credible threat to the person. 14
“Harass” means to engage in a course of conduct directed at a specific person which causes
substantial emotional distress to that person and serves no legitimate purpose. 15
“Cyberstalk” means:
To engage in a course of conduct to communicate, or to cause to be communicated, directly or
indirectly, words, images, or language by or through the use of electronic mail or electronic
communication, directed at or pertaining to a specific person; or
To access, or attempt to access, the online accounts or Internet-connected home electronic
systems of another person without that person’s permission. 16
While current Florida law prohibits various forms of harassment, stalking, and threats, it does not
currently prohibit a single harassing telephone call made to a public office.
Effect of Proposed Changes
CS/CS/HB 67 amends s. 836.12, F.S., to:
Include justices, judicial assistants, clerks of court, clerk personnel, and family members of such
persons to the list of persons protected from threats of serious bodily harm or death under s.
836.12(2), F.S.;
Require a violation of s. 836.12(2), F.S., to be committed “knowingly and willfully”; and
Create a new first-degree misdemeanor offense in s. 836.12(3), F.S., to prohibit a person from
knowingly and willfully harassing a law enforcement officer, a state attorney, an assistant state
attorney, a firefighter, a judge, a justice, a judicial assistant, a clerk of court, clerk personnel, or
an elected official, with the intent to intimidate or coerce such a person to perform or refrain from
performing a lawful duty.
10 A second-degree misdemeanor is punishable by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 60 days and a $500 fine. Ss. 775.082 and
775.083, F.S.
11 S. 365.16(1), F.S.
12 S. 365.16(5), F.S.
13 S. 784.04(2), F.S.
14 S. 784.04(3), F.S.
15 S. 784.04(1)(a), F.S.
16 S. 784.04(1)(d), F.S.
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The bill defines a “judicial assistant” as a court employee assigned to the office of a specific judge or
justice responsible for providing administrative, secretarial, and clerical support to the assigned judge or
justice.
The bill provides an effective date of October 1, 2023.
B. SECTION DIRECTORY:
Section 1: Amends s. 836.12, F.S., relating to threats.
Section 2: Provides an effective date of October 1, 2023.
II. FISCAL ANALYSIS & ECONOMIC IMPACT STATEMENT
A. FISCAL IMPACT ON STATE GOVERNMENT:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
B. FISCAL IMPACT ON LOCAL GOVERNMENTS:
1. Revenues:
None.
2. Expenditures:
See Fiscal Comments.
C. DIRECT ECONOMIC IMPACT ON PRIVATE SECTOR:
None.
D. FISCAL COMMENTS:
The Criminal Justice Impact Conference reviewed a similar version of the bill on March 27, 2023, and
determined the bill may have a positive insignificant impact on jail beds by expanding the scope of
personnel protected from specified threats and by creating a new misdemeanor offense for harassing
specified personnel with specified intent. Per the Department of Corrections, there have been no new
commitments to prison under s. 836.12, F.S. in the last four fiscal years.17
III. COMMENTS
A. CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES:
1. Applicability of Municipality/County Mandates Provision:
Not Applicable. This bill does not appear to require counties or municipalities to spend funds or take
action requiring the expenditures of funds; reduce the authority that counties or municipalities have
to raise revenues in the aggregate; or reduce the percentage of state tax shared with counties or
municipalities.
2. Other:
17Criminal Justice Impact Conference, CS/HB 67 – Protection of Specified Personnel, March 27, 2023,
http://edr.state.fl.us/Content/conferences/criminaljusticeimpact/CSHB67.pdf (last visited April 19, 2023).
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CS/CS/HB 67 may implicate the First Amendment. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution
guarantees that “Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech.” 18 The rights
guaranteed by the First Amendment apply with equal force to state governments through the due
process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.19
The U.S. Supreme Court has emphasized that the First Amendment right to free speech includes a
right to make hate speech, holding recently as a “bedrock First Amendment principle: Speech may
not be banned on the ground that it expresses ideas that offend.” 20 However, the First Amendment
does not protect “true threats,” and the government may restrict such speech21 to “protect[]
individuals from the fear of violence” and from” the disruption that fear engenders,” in addition to
protecting persons “from the possibility that the threatened violence will occur.” 22 Additionally,
“prohibiting harassment is not prohibiting speech, because harassment is not a protected speech.
Harassment is not communication, although it may take the form of speech.” 23
B. RULE-MAKING AUTHORITY:
None.
C. DRAFTING ISSUES OR OTHER COMMENTS:
None.
IV. AMENDMENTS/COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE CHANGES
On March 21, 2023, the Criminal Justice Subcommittee adopted a proposed committee substitute (PCS)
and one amendment to the PCS and reported the bill favorably as a committee substitute. The PCS as
amended differed from the original bill as it:
Amended s. 836.12, F.S., relating to threats against specified personnel instead of s. 365.16, F.S.,
relating to obscene and harassing phone calls.
Narrowed the scope of persons protected from unwanted threats and harassment from being
generally applicable to applying only to specified personnel;
Decreased the penalty for committing prohibited conduct from a third-degree felony to a first-
degree misdemeanor; and
Defined the term “judicial assistant.”
On April 19, 2023, the Judiciary Committee adopted an amendment and reported the bill favorably as a
committee substitute. The amendment added clerks of court and clerk personnel to the specified personnel
protected from threats and harassments under the bill.
This analysis is drafted to the committee substitute as passed by the Judiciary Committee.
18 U.S. Const., amend. I.
19 U.S. Const. amend. XIV. See also Art. I, Fla. Const.
20 Matal v. Tam, 137 S. Ct. 1744, 1751 (2017).
21 Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 344 (2003) quoting Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 708 (1969).
22 Id. See also R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minn., 505 U.S. 377, 388 (1992).
23 Gilb reath v. State, 650 So. 2d 10 (Fla. 1995).
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DATE: 4/19/2023
Statutes affected: H 67 Filed: 365.16
H 67 c1: 836.12
H 67 c2: 836.12
H 67 er: 836.12