[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[H.R. 2770 Introduced in House (IH)]
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119th CONGRESS
1st Session
H. R. 2770
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other
purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
April 9, 2025
Mr. Scott Franklin of Florida introduced the following bill; which was
referred to the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To direct the use of artificial intelligence by National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration to adapt to extreme weather, and for other
purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Transformational
Artificial intelligence to Modernize the Economy against Extreme
Weather and Wildfires Act'' or the ``TAME Extreme Weather and Wildfires
Act''.
(b) Table of Contents.--The table of contents for this Act is as
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
Sec. 3. Earth system forecasting and information delivery.
Sec. 4. Advanced artificial intelligence applications for weather and
information delivery.
Sec. 5. Technical assistance on use of artificial intelligence weather
models.
Sec. 6. Fire environment modeling program.
Sec. 7. Partnerships for transformational innovation.
Sec. 8. Federal Government workforce expertise.
Sec. 9. Data access.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Artificial intelligence.--
(A) In general.--The term ``artificial
intelligence'' means a machine-based system that can,
for a given set of human-defined objectives, make
predictions, recommendations, or decisions influencing
real or virtual environments, including by using
machine-based and human-based inputs--
(i) to abstract such objectives into models
through analysis in an automated manner; and
(ii) to use model inferences to generate
information or formulate options for action.
(B) Inclusions.--The term ``artificial
intelligence'' includes machine learning, neural
networks, and natural language processing.
(2) Artificial intelligence weather model.--The term
``artificial intelligence weather model'' means a weather model
based primarily on artificial intelligence to project future
Earth system conditions based on machine learning from an Earth
system reanalysis dataset.
(3) Curate.--The term ``curate'' means to collect,
maintain, and update periodically a dataset--
(A) to ensure and document its quality; and
(B) to provide metadata on its provenance.
(4) Numerical weather model.--The term ``numerical weather
model'' means a weather model based primarily on coupled Earth
system processes and that uses numerical computation to
forecast future Earth system conditions.
(5) Observational data.--The term ``observational data''
means data from actual observations of environmental
conditions, including remote sensing and in situ platforms.
(6) Open license.--The term ``open license'' has the
meaning given that term in section 3502(21) of title 44, United
States Code.
(7) Reforecast analysis.--The term ``reforecast analysis''
means the assessment of a numerical weather model or artificial
intelligence weather model by comparing model output and
observational data over a period of time in the past.
(8) Synthetic data.--The term ``synthetic data'' means data
produced from a model or statistical method in order to fill
gaps in observational data.
(9) Training dataset.--The term ``training dataset'' means
a dataset used to train an artificial intelligence model.
(10) Under secretary.--The term ``Under Secretary'' means
the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere.
(11) Weather enterprise.--The term ``weather enterprise''
has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Weather
Research and Forecasting Innovation Act of 2017 (15 U.S.C.
8501).
SEC. 3. EARTH SYSTEM FORECASTING AND INFORMATION DELIVERY.
(a) In General.--Not later than two years after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in consultation with the
Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration, the Director of the National Science Foundation,
any appropriate Federal Advisory Committee, and such other technical
experts as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, shall develop and
curate comprehensive weather forecasting training datasets with
relevant Earth system data, quality information, and metadata necessary
for weather forecasting dataset that develops a long-term record of
past weather in support of the following:
(1) Furthering the understanding of weather, water, and
space weather modeling and data.
(2) Advancing the science of weather forecasting, including
seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.
(3) Developing artificial intelligence weather forecasting
applications.
(b) Use of Existing Datasets.--In order to speed the development of
the weather forecasting training dataset required under subsection (a),
the Under Secretary shall assess, and to the greatest extent
practicable build on, existing weather forecasting training datasets of
the Federal Government.
(c) Artificial Intelligence Weather Model.--
(1) In general.--In carrying out this section, the Under
Secretary, in consultation with any appropriate Federal
Advisory Committees, may develop and test a global weather
model based on artificial intelligence, to be referred to as an
``artificial intelligence weather model''.
(2) Weather ready nation.--In coordination with the
activities carried out under paragraph (1), the Under Secretary
may explore using artificial intelligence to enhance the
dissemination of information and evaluation of effectiveness
for improved public understanding, preparedness, and
resilience.
(3) Reports.--Not later than two years after the date of
the enactment of this Act and not less frequently than annually
thereafter, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee
on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the
Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of
Representatives a report on the activities conducted under
paragraph (1).
(d) Cooperative Institutes and Contracting Authority.--In carrying
out this section, subject to the availability of appropriations, the
Under Secretary may competitively award contracts and funding
opportunities, increase the scope of existing cooperative institutes of
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or competitively
award a new cooperative institute.
(e) Environmental Impact.--The Under Secretary shall develop and
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.
(f) Continued Support for Observations, Basic Research, and
Numerical Weather Models.--Notwithstanding the requirements of this
section, the Under Secretary shall continue to support and advance the
activities of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration carry
out the following:
(1) Collect and acquire traditional and novel observational
data relevant for artificial intelligence and numerical weather
models.
(2) Advance research on the Earth system and numerical
weather models.
(3) Develop and advance numerical Earth system modeling for
predictions.
(4) Develop weather model data post-processing techniques.
(5) Improve data assimilation techniques.
SEC. 4. ADVANCED ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATIONS FOR WEATHER AND
INFORMATION DELIVERY.
The Under Secretary shall explore advanced applications of
artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts and information
delivery, such as by carrying out the following:
(1) Improving data assimilation techniques.
(2) Using artificial intelligence weather models to quickly
emulate running numerical weather models to assess and improve
the confidence in and reliability of weather forecasts and
information delivery.
(3) Improving impact-based decision support to communities
for greater societal benefits based on weather forecasts.
SEC. 5. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ON USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WEATHER
MODELS.
(a) In General.--The Under Secretary shall regularly inventory and
assess major non-Federal Government artificial intelligence weather
models in order to provide the following:
(1) Technical evaluation and assistance on using such
models.
(2) Best practices on providing forecasts based on outputs
from both artificial intelligence weather models and numerical
weather models, or a combination thereof.
(3) Support for forecasters and social scientists to test
and evaluate the use and effectiveness of artificial
intelligence models, including within National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration testbeds.
(4) Support for emergency managers to make operational
decisions based on outputs from both artificial intelligence
weather models and numerical weather models, or a combination
thereof.
(b) Reforecast Analysis.--
(1) In general.--The Under Secretary shall support the
development of a common framework for the assessment of
numerical weather models and artificial intelligence weather
models through reforecast analysis and related methodologies as
the Under Secretary considers appropriate.
(2) Best practices.--In carrying out this subsection, the
Under Secretary may develop and disseminate best practices in
collaboration with the following:
(A) The National Institute for Standards and
Technology.
(B) The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration.
(C) The National Science Foundation.
(D) The Department of Energy.
(E) Academic and research institutions.
(F) The private sector.
(3) Report on use of analysis to improve models.--Not later
than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the
Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on
Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives
a report on the feasibility of using reforecast analysis
techniques to improve seasonal and subseasonal models.
(c) Weather Forecast Offices.--In carrying out this section, the
Under Secretary shall provide technical assistance, best practices, and
support required under subsection (a) through weather forecast offices
of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
(d) Independent Study on the Impacts of Artificial Intelligence
Weather, Water, and Space Weather Models.--The Under Secretary may
enter into an agreement with the National Academy of Sciences or any
other entity determined appropriate by the Under Secretary to assess
the impacts of artificial intelligence weather models on the weather
enterprise and make recommendations to improve the integration of such
models in operational forecasting.
SEC. 6. FIRE ENVIRONMENT MODELING PROGRAM.
(a) In General.--Not later than one year after the date of the
enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary, in coordination with the
Secretary of the Interior, the Secretary of Agriculture, and the
Secretary of Homeland Security, and in consultation with the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation,
any appropriate Federal advisory committees, and such other technical
experts as the Under Secretary considers appropriate, shall develop a
program to use artificial intelligence to analyze available
observational data and synthetic data on the built and natural
environments in order to carry out the following:
(1) Warn at-risk communities, firefighters, and other
responders, including by integrating social science informed
research and development.
(2) Predict and detect wildfires to the maximum extent
practicable.
(3) Forecast wildland and built environment fire
propagation and potential impacts based on an analysis of the
elements influencing fire behavior, weather conditions,
terrain, and observations of the fire environment.
(4) Detect, monitor, and forecast smoke and other hazards
associated with wildfires.
(b) Training Dataset.--In carrying out this section, the Under
Secretary may acquire observational data and synthetic data on the
built and natural environments collected across the United States to
develop and curate a related artificial intelligence-ready training
dataset for purposes of training the artificial intelligence used in
furtherance of this section.
(c) Data Acquisition.--In carrying out this section, the Under
Secretary may enter into contracts to acquire relevant data referred to
in this section.
(d) Weather Integration.--In carrying out this section, the Under
Secretary shall integrate outputs from weather and other environmental
models and observational data and synthetic data referred to in
subsection (a).
(e) Environmental Impact.--The Under Secretary shall develop and
disseminate best practices to minimize environmental impacts from the
use of artificial intelligence to carry out this section.
SEC. 7. PARTNERSHIPS FOR TRANSFORMATIONAL INNOVATION.
(a) In General.--The Under Secretary shall explore novel structures
for partnerships with private entities and academic entities for
transformative innovation in weather forecasting and other
environmental forecasts in order to carry out the following:
(1) Further the understanding of weather, water, wildfires,
and space weather, and associated societal impact.
(2) Advance the science of weather and water forecasting,
including seasonal and subseasonal forecasting.
(3) Develop, evaluate, and transition artificial
intelligence weather, water, and hazard forecasting
applications for operations.
(b) Co-Investment.--In carrying out this section, subject to
applicable law, the Under Secretary shall consider and adopt novel co-
investment strategies with the private sector and academic sector,
including the following:
(1) Non-Federal Government contributions to resource and
support high-risk, high-return research and development in
environmental forecasting, data science, artificial
intelligence, and related fields.
(2) Shared rights to intellectual property from research
and development activities under this section.
(3) Other approaches to sharing resources and results under
this section.
SEC. 8. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKFORCE EXPERTISE.
(a) In General.--The Under Secretary, to the maximum extent
practicable, shall develop, recruit, and sustain a professional
workforce for weather forecasting applications of artificial
intelligence.
(b) Collaboration.--The Under Secretary shall leverage robust
public-private partnership models to collaborate with private sector
experts and provide employees with access to training, experience, and
long-term development of workforce and infrastructure in order to
utilize artificial intelligence to improve weather forecasts.
SEC. 9. DATA ACCESS.
(a) In General.--The Under Secretary may make available to the
public, as the Under Secretary determines appropriate, at no cost and
with no restrictions on copying, publishing, distributing, citing,
adapting, or otherwise using under an open license, any data or code
developed under this Act.
(b) Accommodations.--The Under Secretary may make such
accommodations as the Under Secretary considers appropriate to ensure
that the public release of any model, information, documentation, or
data pursuant to this Act does not jeopardize any of the following:
(1) National security.
(2) Intellectual property or redistribution rights,
including under titles 17 and 35, United States Code.
(3) Any trade secret or commercial or financial information
subject to section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code.
(4) Any models or data that are otherwise restricted by
contract or other written agreement.
(5) The mission of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration to protect lives and property.
(c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this Act may be construed to
supersede any other provision of law governing the protection of the
national security interests of the United States.
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