[Congressional Bills 118th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 4664 Reported in Senate (RS)]

<DOC>





                                                       Calendar No. 631
118th CONGRESS
  2d Session
                                S. 4664

 To require the Secretary of Energy to establish a program to promote 
   the use of artificial intelligence to support the missions of the 
             Department of Energy, and for other purposes.


_______________________________________________________________________


                   IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES

                             July 10, 2024

 Mr. Manchin (for himself and Ms. Murkowski) introduced the following 
bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and 
                           Natural Resources

                           November 21, 2024

               Reported by Mr. Manchin, with an amendment
 [Strike out all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed 
                               in italic]

_______________________________________________________________________

                                 A BILL


 
 To require the Secretary of Energy to establish a program to promote 
   the use of artificial intelligence to support the missions of the 
             Department of Energy, and for other purposes.

    Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled,

<DELETED>SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    This Act may be cited as the ``Department of Energy AI 
Act''.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 2. FINDINGS.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    Congress finds that--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) the Department has a leading role to play in 
        making the most of the potential of artificial intelligence to 
        advance the missions of the Department relating to national 
        security, science, and energy (including critical 
        materials);</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) the 17 National Laboratories employ over 
        40,000 scientists, engineers, and researchers with decades of 
        experience developing world-leading advanced computational 
        algorithms, computer science research, experimentation, and 
        applications in machine learning that underlie artificial 
        intelligence;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) the NNSA manages the Stockpile Stewardship 
        Program established under section 4201 of the Atomic Energy 
        Defense Act (50 U.S.C. 2521), which includes the Advanced 
        Simulation and Computing program, that provides critical 
        classified and unclassified computing capabilities to sustain 
        the nuclear stockpile of the United States;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (4) for decades, the Department has led the world 
        in the design, construction, and operation of the preeminent 
        high-performance computing systems of the United States, which 
        benefit the scientific and economic competitiveness of the 
        United States across many sectors, including energy, critical 
        materials, biotechnology, and national security;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (5) across the network of 34 user facilities of 
        the Department, scientists generate tremendous volumes of high-
        quality open data across diverse research areas, while the NNSA 
        has always generated the foremost datasets in the world on 
        nuclear deterrence and strategic weapons;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (6) the unrivaled quantity and quality of open and 
        classified scientific datasets of the Department is a unique 
        asset to rapidly develop frontier AI models;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (7) the Department already develops cutting-edge 
        AI models to execute the broad mission of the Department, 
        including AI models of the Department that are used to forecast 
        disease transmission for COVID-19, and address critical 
        material issues and emerging nuclear security 
        missions;</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (8) the AI capabilities of the Department will 
        underpin and jumpstart a dedicated, focused, and centralized AI 
        program; and</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (9) under section 4.1(b) of Executive Order 14110 
        (88 Fed. Reg. 75191 (November 1, 2023)) (relating to the safe, 
        secure, and trustworthy development and use of artificial 
        intelligence), the Secretary is tasked to lead development in 
        testbeds, national security protections, and assessment of 
        artificial intelligence applications.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    In this Act:</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) AI; artificial intelligence.--The terms ``AI'' 
        and ``artificial intelligence'' have the meaning given the term 
        ``artificial intelligence'' in section 5002 of the National 
        Artificial Intelligence Initiative Act of 2020 (15 U.S.C. 
        9401).</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) Alignment.--The term ``alignment'' means a 
        field of AI safety research that aims to make AI systems behave 
        in line with human intentions.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) Department.--The term ``Department'' means the 
        Department of Energy, including the NNSA.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (4) Foundation model.--The term ``foundation 
        model'' means an AI model that--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) is trained on broad data;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) generally uses self-
                supervision;</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) contains at least tens of billions of 
                parameters; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (D) is applicable across a wide range of 
                contexts; and</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (E) exhibits, or could be easily modified 
                to exhibit, high levels of performance at tasks that 
                pose a serious risk to the security, national economic 
                security, or national public health or safety of the 
                United States.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (5) Frontier ai.--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) In general.--The term ``frontier AI'' 
                means the leading edge of AI research that remains 
                unexplored and is considered to be the most 
                challenging, including models--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) that exceed the capabilities 
                        currently present in the most advanced existing 
                        models; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) many of which perform a wide 
                        variety of tasks.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) Inclusion.--The term ``frontier AI'' 
                includes AI models with more than 1,000,000,000,000 
                parameters.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (6) National laboratory.--The term ``National 
        Laboratory'' has the meaning given the term in section 2 of the 
        Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801).</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (7) NNSA.--The term ``NNSA'' means the National 
        Nuclear Security Administration.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (8) Secretary.--The term ``Secretary'' means the 
        Secretary of Energy.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (9) Testbed.--The term ``testbed'' means any 
        platform, facility, or environment that enables the testing and 
        evaluation of scientific theories and new technologies, 
        including hardware, software, or field environments in which 
        structured frameworks can be implemented to conduct tests to 
        assess the performance, reliability, safety, and security of a 
        wide range of items, including prototypes, systems, 
        applications, AI models, instruments, computational tools, 
        devices, and other technological innovations.</DELETED>

<DELETED>SEC. 4. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH TO 
              DEPLOYMENT.</DELETED>

<DELETED>    (a) Program To Develop and Deploy Frontiers in Artificial 
Intelligence for Science, Security, and Technology (FASST).--</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (1) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after 
        the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall 
        establish a centralized AI program to carry out research on the 
        development and deployment of advanced artificial intelligence 
        capabilities for the missions of the Department (referred to in 
        this subsection as the ``program''), consistent with the 
        program established under section 5501 of the William M. (Mac) 
        Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 
        2021 (15 U.S.C. 9461).</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (2) Program components.--</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (A) In general.--The program shall advance 
                and support diverse activities that include the 
                following components:</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) Aggregation, curation, and 
                        distribution of AI training datasets.</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) Development and deployment of 
                        next-generation computing platforms and 
                        infrastructure.</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) Development and deployment 
                        of safe and trustworthy AI models and 
                        systems.</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) Tuning and adaptation of AI 
                        models and systems for pressing scientific, 
                        energy, and national security 
                        applications.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (B) Aggregation, curation, and 
                distribution of ai training datasets.--In carrying out 
                the component of the program described in subparagraph 
                (A)(i), the Secretary shall develop methods, platforms, 
                protocols, and other tools required for efficient, 
                safe, and effective aggregation, generation, curation, 
                and distribution of AI training datasets, including--
                </DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) assembling, aggregating, and 
                        curating large-scale training data for advanced 
                        AI, including outputs from research programs of 
                        the Department and other open science data, 
                        with the goal of developing comprehensive 
                        scientific AI training databases and testing 
                        and validation data;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) developing and executing 
                        appropriate data management plan for the 
                        ethical, responsible, and secure use of 
                        classified and unclassified scientific 
                        data;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) identifying, curating, and 
                        safely distributing, as appropriate based on 
                        the application--</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (I) scientific and 
                                experimental Departmental datasets; 
                                and</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (II) sponsored research 
                                activities that are needed for the 
                                training of foundation and adapted 
                                downstream AI models; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) partnering with stakeholders 
                        to curate critical datasets that reside outside 
                        the Department but are determined to be 
                        critical to optimizing the capabilities of 
                        open-science AI foundation models, national 
                        security AI foundation models, and other AI 
                        technologies developed under the 
                        program.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (C) Development and deployment of next-
                generation computing platforms and infrastructure.--In 
                carrying out the component of the program described in 
                subparagraph (A)(ii), the Secretary shall--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) develop early-stage AI 
                        testbeds to test and evaluate new software, 
                        hardware, algorithms, and other AI-based 
                        technologies and applications;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) develop and deploy new 
                        energy-efficient AI computing hardware and 
                        software infrastructure necessary for 
                        developing and deploying trustworthy frontier 
                        AI systems that leverage the high-performance 
                        computing capabilities of the Department and 
                        the National Laboratories;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) facilitate the development 
                        and deployment of unclassified and classified 
                        high-performance computing systems and AI 
                        platforms through Department-owned 
                        infrastructure data and computing 
                        facilities;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) procure high-performance 
                        computing and other resources necessary for 
                        developing, training, evaluating, and deploying 
                        AI foundation models and AI technologies; 
                        and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (v) use appropriate supplier 
                        screening tools available through the 
                        Department to ensure that procurements under 
                        clause (iv) are from trusted 
                        suppliers.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (D) Development and deployment of safe and 
                trustworthy ai models and systems.--In carrying out the 
                component of the program described in subparagraph 
                (A)(iii), not later than 3 years after the date of 
                enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) develop innovative concepts 
                        and applied mathematics, computer science, 
                        engineering, and other science disciplines 
                        needed for frontier AI;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) develop best-in-class AI 
                        foundation models and other AI technologies for 
                        open-science and national security 
                        applications;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) research and deploy counter-
                        adversarial artificial intelligence solutions 
                        to predict, prevent, mitigate, and respond to 
                        threats to critical infrastructure, energy 
                        security, and nuclear nonproliferation, and 
                        biological and chemical threats;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) establish crosscutting 
                        research efforts on AI risks, reliability, 
                        safety, trustworthiness, and alignment, 
                        including the creation of unclassified and 
                        classified data platforms across the 
                        Department; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (v) develop capabilities needed to 
                        ensure the safe and responsible implementation 
                        of AI in the private and public sectors that--
                        </DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (I) may be readily applied 
                                across Federal agencies and private 
                                entities to ensure that open-science 
                                models are released responsibly, 
                                securely, and in the national interest; 
                                and</DELETED>
                                <DELETED>    (II) ensure that 
                                classified national security models are 
                                secure, responsibly managed, and safely 
                                implemented in the national 
                                interest.</DELETED>
                <DELETED>    (E) Tuning and adaptation of ai models and 
                systems for pressing scientific and national security 
                applications.--In carrying out the component of the 
                program described in subparagraph (A)(iv), the 
                Secretary shall--</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (i) use AI foundation models and 
                        other AI technologies to develop a multitude of 
                        tuned and adapted downstream models to solve 
                        pressing scientific, energy, and national 
                        security challenges;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (ii) carry out joint work, 
                        including public-private partnerships, and 
                        cooperative research projects with industry, 
                        including end user companies, hardware systems 
                        vendors, and AI software companies, to advance 
                        AI technologies relevant to the missions of the 
                        Department;</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iii) form partnerships with other 
                        Federal agencies, institutions of higher 
                        education, and international organizations 
                        aligned with the interests of the United States 
                        to advance frontier AI systems development and 
                        deployment; and</DELETED>
                        <DELETED>    (iv) increase research experiences 
                        and workforce development, including training 
                        for undergraduate and graduate students in 
                        frontier AI for science, energy, and national 
                        security.</DELETED>
        <DELETED>    (3) Strategic plan.--In carrying out the program, 
        the Secretary shall develop a strategic plan with specific 
        short-term and long-term goals and resource needs to advance 
        applications in AI for science, energy, and national security 
        to support the