.0The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Rules
BILL: SB 1388
INTRODUCER: Senator Wright
SUBJECT: Immunity of Motor Vehicle Dealer Leasing and Rental Affiliates
DATE: April 18, 2023 REVISED:
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Price Vickers TR Favorable
2. Bond Cibula JU Favorable
3. Price Twogood RC Favorable
I. Summary:
SB 1388 defines the terms “control” and “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental affiliate” for
purposes of provisions relating to immunity from vicarious liability of a motor vehicle dealer, or
of a motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental affiliate, who provides a temporary replacement
vehicle to a service customer. The effect of these changes is to limit the scope of the statutory
exemption related to motor vehicle dealer loaner cars.
The fiscal impact is indeterminate. However, definitional specificity may serve to curtail
litigation.
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
II. Present Situation:
The Dangerous Instrumentality Doctrine
The court-created dangerous instrumentality doctrine holds an owner strictly liable for injuries
caused by another person’s negligent use of the owner’s property. Specifically, when the owner
entrusts a dangerous instrumentality to another person, the owner is responsible for damages
caused by the other person. Whether the owner was negligent or at fault is irrelevant. The
rationale for holding an innocent person responsible for such damages is that the owner of an
instrumentality capable of causing death or destruction should be liable for damages caused by
anyone operating it with the owner’s consent.1
The dangerous instrumentality doctrine originated in English common law and was adopted by
the Florida Supreme Court in 1920 in Southern Cotton Oil Company v. Anderson, 86 So. 629
1
Roman v. Bogle, 113 So. 3d 1011, 1016 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).
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(1920).2 The Court acknowledged the doctrine was originally limited to fire, water, and poisons,
but had expanded over time:
It is true that, in the early development of this very salutary doctrine, the
dangerous agencies consisted largely of fire, flood, water, and poisons. In
Dixon v. Bell . . . Lord Ellenborough extended the doctrine to include loaded
firearms. With the discovery of high explosives, they were put in the same
class. As conditions changed it was extended to include other objects that
common knowledge and common experience proved to be as potent sources
of danger as those embraced in the earlier classifications. The underlying
principle was not changed, but other agencies were included in the
classification. Among them are locomotives, push cars, street cars, etc., and
it is now well settled that these come within the class of dangerous agencies,
and the liability of the master is determined by the rule applicable to them.
The reasons for putting these agencies in the class of dangerous
instrumentalities apply with equal, if not greater, force to automobiles.3
In a 1990 Florida Supreme Court case, a man leased a car from a lessor and then loaned the
leased car to a friend. The friend caused a motor vehicle crash in the leased car, killing another
person. The victim’s estate sued the lessor of the car directly. The Court held that the lessor was
liable for the death of the victim under the dangerous instrumentality doctrine, even though the
lessor did not cause the accident. The Court acknowledged that the dangerous instrumentality
doctrine was “unique to Florida” but justified the doctrine as necessary “to provide greater
financial responsibility to pay for the carnage on our roads.”4
Once a court decides that an item is a dangerous instrumentality, an owner of such
instrumentality is liable for damages the instrumentality causes, even if the owner was not in
control of the instrumentality at the time. Whether an item is a dangerous instrumentality is a
question of law depending on several factors, none of which alone is dispositive, including:
 Whether the instrumentality is a motor vehicle.5
 Whether the instrumentality is frequently operated near the public, regardless of whether the
incident at issue occurred on public property.
2
Id. at 1014.
3
S. Cotton Oil Company v. Anderson, 86 So. 629, 631 (Fla. 1920).
4
Kraemer v. General Motors Acceptance Corp., 572 So. 2d 1363, 1365 (Fla. 1990). The Second District Court of Appeal has
acknowledged that the dangerous instrumentality doctrine creates “real and perceived inequities” and “has drawn its fair
share of criticism.” Fischer v. Alessandrini, 907 So. 2d 569, 570 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).
5
A motor vehicle is a “wheeled conveyance that does not run on rails and is self-propelled, especially one powered by an
internal combustion engine, a battery or fuel-cell, or a combination of these.” Newton v. Caterpillar Financial Servs. Corp.,
253 So. 3d 1054, 1056 (Fla. 2018) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014)). For purposes of Chapter 324, F.S.,
Florida’s financial responsibility law, “motor vehicle” means every self-propelled vehicle that is designed and required to be
licensed for use upon a highway, including trailers and semitrailers designed for use with such vehicles, except traction
engines, road rollers, farm tractors, power shovels, and well drillers, and every vehicle that is propelled by electric power
obtained from overhead wires but not operated upon rails, but not including any personal delivery device, mobile carrier,
bicycle, electric bicycle, or moped. Section 324.021(1), F.S.
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 The instrumentality’s peculiar dangers relative to other objects that courts have found to be
dangerous instrumentalities.
 The extent to which the Legislature has regulated the instrumentality.6
If the court decides an item is a dangerous instrumentality, the owner is liable regardless of the
facts of the particular case. Over time, Florida courts have expanded the applicability of the
doctrine to include automobiles,7 trucks, buses,8 tow-motors,9 golf carts, and other motorized
vehicles.10
The dangerous instrumentality doctrine has been limited in Florida law with respect to a motor
vehicle dealer or a motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental affiliate that provides a temporary
replacement vehicle to a motor vehicle dealer’s service customer.11
Legislation enacted in 202012 provides that a motor vehicle dealer, or a motor vehicle dealer’s
leasing or rental affiliate, that provides a temporary replacement vehicle at no charge or at a
reasonable daily charge to a service customer whose vehicle is being held for repair, service, or
adjustment by the motor vehicle dealer is immune from any cause of action. The dealer is also
not liable, vicariously or directly, under general law solely by reason of being the owner of the
temporary replacement vehicle for harm to persons or property that arises out of the use or
operation of the temporary replacement vehicle by any person during the period the temporary
replacement vehicle has been entrusted to the motor vehicle dealer’s service customer. However,
this only applies if there is no negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the motor
vehicle owner, or its leasing or rental affiliate.13
The enacted legislation also provides that a motor vehicle dealer, or a motor vehicle dealer’s
leasing or rental affiliate, that gives possession, control, or use of a temporary replacement
vehicle to a motor vehicle dealer’s service customer may not be adjudged liable in a civil
proceeding absent negligence or criminal wrongdoing on the part of the motor vehicle dealer.
This only applies if the motor vehicle dealer or the motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental
affiliate executes a written rental or use agreement and obtains from the person receiving the
temporary replacement vehicle a copy of the person’s driver license and insurance information
reflecting at least the minimum motor vehicle insurance coverage required in this state.14
6
Newton, 253 So. 3d at 1056.
7
S. Cotton Oil, 86 So. at 629.
8
Meister v. Fisher, 462 So. 2d 1071, 1072 (Fla. 1984).
9
Eagle Stevedores, Inc. v. Thomas, 145 So. 2d 551 (Fla. 3d DCA 1962) (where plaintiff was struck in a dock area by a “tow-
motor,” a small motor-operated vehicle, dangerous instrumentality doctrine applied).
10
Meister, 462 So. 2d at 1072.
11
The term “service customer” does not include an agent or a principal of a motor vehicle dealer or a motor vehicle dealer’s
leasing or rental affiliate, and does not include an employee of a motor vehicle dealer or a motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or
rental affiliate unless the employee was provided a temporary replacement vehicle: While the employee’s personal vehicle
was being held for repair, service, or adjustment by the motor vehicle dealer; in the same manner as other customers who are
provided a temporary replacement vehicle while the customer’s vehicle is being held for repair, service, or adjustment; and
the employee was not acting within the course and scope of his or her employment. Section 324.021(9)(c)3.a., F.S.
12
Chapter 2020-108, Laws of Fla.
13
Section 324.021(9)(c)3.a., F.S.
14
Section 324.021(9)(c)3.b., F.S.
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The 2020 legislation did not, however, define the term “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental
affiliate.”
The Graves Amendment
In 2005, Congress passed 49 U.S.C. § 30106, commonly known as the Graves Amendment, to
prohibit states from imposing vicarious liability on car rental companies.15 Vicarious liability is
“liability that a supervisory party (such as an employer) bears for the actionable conduct of a
subordinate (such as an employee) based on the relationship between the two parties.”16 To
benefit from the Graves Amendment, the “owner” must be “engaged in the business of renting or
leasing motor vehicles.” A vehicle “owner” may be the titleholder, lessee, or bailee17 of the
vehicle.18
The Graves Amendment, however, does not protect a rental company from its own negligence or
criminal wrongdoing. If an injury is caused by a rental company’s negligent or criminal act, the
rental company could still be directly liable for its actions or inactions, even if an accident occurs
while a renter is driving the vehicle.19 Federal law supersedes Florida’s dangerous
instrumentality doctrine when a rental car company rents a car to a driver who negligently
injures another person.20
In 2011, the Florida Supreme Court held that as it relates to rental car companies the Graves
Amendment specifically preempts Florida law21 and relieves rental car companies, while
engaged in the trade or business of renting or leasing motor vehicles, from vicarious liability for
harm caused by the driver.22
In 2019, the Fourth District Court of Appeal, relying on the Supreme Court’s analysis in Vargas,
held that the Graves Amendment applies to a motor vehicle dealer that provides a customer with
a temporary replacement vehicle.23
15
Auto Rental News, The Graves Amendment: Challenges, Interpretations, Answers,
https://www.autorentalnews.com/156611/the-graves-amendment-challenges-interpretations-and-answers (last visited
February 7, 2020).
16
Black’s Law Dictionary 427 (3rd pocket ed. 2006).
17
According to legaldictionary.net, the elements of a bailment include delivery, acceptance, and consideration. The property
must be delivered by the bailor to the actual care and/or control of the bailee. The bailee must knowingly accept possession
and/or control of the property (because a bailment is a type of contract, knowledge and acceptance of the bailment terms are
essential). However, unlike a typical contract in which both parties receive something of value, only one party need receive
something of value in a bailment. So, e.g., when one party loans the use of his car to another, a bailment is created, even
though the bailor receives nothing of value. See legaldictionary.net, Bailment - Definition, Examples, Cases, Processes
(legaldictionary.net) (last visited March 21, 2023).
18
Auto Rental News, supra note 15.
19
Id.
20
49 U.S.C. § 30106.
21
Section 324.021(9)(b)2., F.S.
22
Vargas v. Enterprise Leasing Co., 60 So. 3d 1037 (Fla. 2011).
23
Collins v. Auto Partners V, LLC, 276 So. 3d 817 (Fla. 4th DCA 2019).
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III. Effect of Proposed Changes:
The bill amends s. 324.021(9)(c), F.S., to clarify the legislation enacted in 2020 by defining the
terms “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental affiliate” and “control.”
The bill defines “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental affiliate” to mean a “person”24 that
directly or indirectly controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with the motor
vehicle dealer.
“Control” is defined as the power to direct the management and policies of a person whether
through ownership of voting securities25 or otherwise.
If a person does not directly or indirectly control the motor vehicle dealer (by virtue of the
person having the power to direct the management and policies of the dealer), is not controlled
by the motor vehicle dealer (by virtue of the dealer having the power to direct the management
and policies of the person), or is not under common control with the motor vehicle dealer (by
virtue of another entity having the power to direct the management and policies of the person
and the motor vehicle dealer), that person is not the motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or rental
affiliate.
The bill takes effect July 1, 2023.
IV. Constitutional Issues:
A. Municipality/County Mandates Restrictions:
None.
B. Public Records/Open Meetings Issues:
None.
C. Trust Funds Restrictions:
None.
D. State Tax or Fee Increases:
None.
24
The word “person” includes individuals, children, firms, associations, joint adventures, partnerships, estates, trusts,
business trusts, syndicates, fiduciaries, corporations, and all other groups or combinations. Section 1.01(3), F.S.
25
An owner of stock in a company owns either voting securities or non-voting securities. Most “common” stock ownership
gives the owner one vote for each share of stock owned. Companies can also divide common stock into different classes; e.g.,
one class might confer more than one vote per share or no voting rights at all. “Preferred” stock provides the owner with
ownership in the company, and a fixed dividend, but usually no voting rights. If a company does pay dividends (which it
doesn’t have to pay if it lacks the ability to do so), owners of preferred stock are paid before owners of common stock. See
finance.zacks.com, What Is an Owner of Voting Securities? (zacks.com) (last visited March 21, 2023).
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E. Other Constitutional Issues:
None identified.
V. Fiscal Impact Statement:
A. Tax/Fee Issues:
None.
B. Private Sector Impact:
Indeterminate. However, by clarifying the definition of “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or
rental affiliate,” the bill may result in reduced litigation.
C. Government Sector Impact:
Indeterminate. However, by clarifying the definition of “motor vehicle dealer’s leasing or
rental affiliate,” the bill may result in reduced litigation.
VI. Technical Deficiencies:
None.
VII. Related Issues:
None.
VIII. Statutes Affected:
This bill substantially amends section 324.021 of the Florida Statutes.
IX. Additional Information:
A. Committee Substitute – Statement of Changes:
(Summarizing differences between the Committee Substitute and the prior version of the bill.)
None.
B. Amendments:
None.
This Senate Bill Analysis does not reflect the intent or official position of the bill’s introducer or the Florida Senate.


Statutes affected:
S 1388 Filed: 324.021