The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Transportation
BILL: CS/SB 1374
INTRODUCER: Transportation Committee and Senator Perry
SUBJECT: Child Restraint Requirements
DATE: April 5, 2023 REVISED:
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Delia Cox CF Favorable
2. Jones Vickers TR Fav/CS
3. RC
Please see Section IX. for Additional Information:
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE - Substantial Changes
I. Summary:
CS/SB 1374 amends current law relating to child restraint requirements while transporting a
child in a motor vehicle. The bill increases the age that children must use a crash-tested,
federally-approved child restraint device, from age five years or younger to age seven years or
younger.
For children under the age of three years old, the bill specifically requires the use of a rear-facing
five-point harness. For children aged three through four years, the bill requires the use of a
forward-facing or rear-facing five-point harness. For children aged five through seven years, the
bill requires the use of a booster seat that:
 Incorporates the use of the motor vehicle’s safety belt; or
 Is a forward-facing five-point harness.
The bill may have an indeterminate impact on the private and government sector. See Section V.
Fiscal Impact Statement.
The bill is effective October 1, 2023.
BILL: CS/SB 1374 Page 2
II. Present Situation:
Child Restraint Devices or “Car Seats” and National Highway Traffic Safety
Administration Recommendations
Car seats available on the market offer a variety of choices. The best choice, according to the
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), is a selection based on a given
child’s age and size, which complies with the specific car seat manufacturer’s instructions for
height and weight limits, and is properly installed in accordance with the vehicle’s owner’s
manual. Further, for maximum safety, the NHTSA recommends keeping a child in a car seat for
as long as possible, provided the child does not exceed the manufacturer’s height and weight
limitations. The NHTSA also recommends keeping a child in the back seat at least through the
age of 12.1
Car seats are generally available in four types, with variations in each type, including:
 Rear-facing car seats have a harness that, in a crash, cradles and moves with a child to reduce
the stress to the child’s neck and spinal cord.
 Forward-facing car seats have a harness and tether that limits a child’s forward movement
during a crash.
 Booster seats raise the height of the child to position the seat belt so that it fits properly over
the stronger parts of a child’s body.
 Seat belts.2
The NHTSA recommends that a child from birth through 12 months should always ride in a rear-
facing car seat, noting that convertible and all-in-one versions of these seats usually have higher
height and weight limits for the rear-facing position, which facilitates keeping a child in a rear-
facing position for a longer period of time.3
For children one through three years old, the NHTSA suggests keeping a child in a rear-facing
seat until the child reaches the top height or weight limit indicated by the car seat’s
manufacturer. Once either limit is exceeded, the NHTSA recommends a forward-facing seat with
a harness and tether.4
For children four through seven years, the NHTSA advises a child should be kept in a forward-
facing car seat with a harness and tether until the child reaches the top height or weight limit set
by the car seat’s manufacturer. Again, once either limit is exceeded, the child should be
transported in a booster seat, but the NHTSA recommends the booster seat still be installed
properly in the back seat of the vehicle.5
1
The NHTSA, Car Seats and Booster Seats, available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/car-seats-and-booster-seats#age-
size-rec (last visited March 29, 2023).
2
The NHTSA, Car Seat Types, available at https://www.nhtsa.gov/equipment/car-seats-and-booster-seats#find-right-car-
seat-car-seat-types (last visited March 29, 2023).
3
Id.
4
Id.
5
Id.
BILL: CS/SB 1374 Page 3
For children eight through 12 years, the NHTSA recommends keeping a child in a booster seat
until the child is big enough to fit in a seat belt properly. Proper fit in a seat belt for the NHTSA
means that the lap belt lies snugly across the upper thighs, not the stomach, and the shoulder belt
lies snugly across the shoulder and chest, not across the neck or face. The NHTSA notes the
child should still ride in the back seat of the vehicle “because it’s safer there.”6
Child Passenger Safety
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), motor vehicle injuries are a
leading cause of death among children in the U.S.7 The CDC data for 2020 indicates that 607
child passengers ages 12 and under were killed in automobile crashes in the U.S.8 Of the children
killed in a crash, 38 percent were not buckled in.9
The CDC reports that the:
 Use of a car seat reduces the risk for injury of children by 71 to 82 percent in passenger
vehicles compared to seat belt use alone.
 Use of a booster seat reduces the risk for serious injury by 45 percent for children aged four
to eight years when compared with seat belt use alone.
 For older children and adults, use of a seat belt reduces the risk for death and serious injury
by approximately one-half.10
A study of five states that increased the age requirement to seven or eight years of age for car
seat or booster seat use found that the rate of children using car seats and booster seats increased
nearly three times. Further, the rate of children who sustained fatal or incapacitating injuries was
reduced by 17 percent.11
The CDC has produced guidelines for parents and caregivers that are based on stages, including
the use of a:
 Rear-facing car seat, for children birth to age two.
 Forward-facing car seat in the back seat, until at least age five or when the child reaches the
upper weight or height limit of the seat.12
 Booster seat, until a seat belts fit properly.13
A child no longer needs to use a booster seat once a seat belt fits them properly. The seat belt fits
properly when the lap belt lays across the upper thighs (not the stomach) and the shoulder belt
6
Id.
7
The CDC, Child Passenger Safety: Get the Facts – The Scope of the Problem, available at
http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/child_passenger_safety/cps-factsheet.html (last visited March 29, 2023).
8
Id.
9
Id.
10
Id.
11
Id.
12
Id.
13
Id.
BILL: CS/SB 1374 Page 4
lays across the chest (not the neck). The recommended height for proper seat belt fit is 57 inches
tall.14
Child Restraint Requirements in Other States
All 50 states and the District of Columbia have laws requiring some type of child restraint seats
for children under a certain age, height, or weight.15 Many laws require all children to ride in the
rear seat whenever possible, and most states permit children over a particular age, height or
weight to use an adult safety belt.16 For example, the state of Connecticut requires children under
the age of two or under thirty pounds to ride rear-facing in a child restraint system equipped with
a five-point harness. Children under the age of five, but not under the age of two, or under forty
pounds, but not under thirty pounds, must be in a harness restraint – either a rear-facing or
forward-facing car seat. All children under age eight and under sixty pounds must use a child
restraint – either a car seat, or a booster seat secured by a lap-and-shoulder belt.17
Tennessee requires children under the age of one, or weighing less than twenty pounds, to ride
rear-facing in a child restraint system that meets federal motor vehicle safety standards. Children
age one through four years old and weighing more than twenty pounds are required to ride in a
child safety restraint system (rear facing or forward facing) that meets federal motor vehicle
safety standards. Children age four through nine years of age and measuring less than four feet
nine inches in height, are required to be in a child booster seat that meets the federal motor
vehicle safety standards.18
At least 26 states have rear-facing child restraint requirements. Most require children under the
age of two years old to be in a rear-facing child restraint device, and provide exceptions for
children who reach a certain height or weight, or exceed the manufacturer’s recommended height
or weight limit of the child restraint device.19
Forty-eight states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico require booster seats for children
who have outgrown their car seats but are still too small for adult seat belts, and only two states
(Florida and South Dakota) do not have legal requirements for booster seats.20
14
The CDC, Child Passenger Safety Infographics, available at
https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/childpassengersafety/infographic.html#:~:text=The%20recommended%20height%20for%20p
roper%20seat%20belt%20fit%20is%2057%20inches%20tall.&text=Children%20no%20longer%20need%20to,chest%20(not
%20the%20neck) (last visited March 29, 2023).
15
The Governors Highway Safety Association, Child Passenger Safety, available at https://www.ghsa.org/state-
laws/issues/child%20passenger%20safety (last visited March 29, 2023).
16
Id.
17
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 14-100a (2022)
18
Tenn. Code Ann. § 55-9-602 (2022)
19
Insurance Institute of Highway Safety, Seat belt and child seat laws by state (March 2023), available at
https://www.iihs.org/topics/seat-belts/seat-belt-law-table (last visited March 29, 2023).
20
The Bump, A State by State Look at Car Seat and Booster Seat Laws, available at https://www.thebump.com/a/car-seat-
laws (last visited March 29, 2023).
BILL: CS/SB 1374 Page 5
Child Restraint Requirements in Florida
Section 316.613, F.S., requires every operator of a motor vehicle operated on the roadways,
streets, or highways of this state to provide for protection of a child who is five years of age or
younger by properly using a crash-tested, federally approved child restraint device. The device
must be a separate carrier or a vehicle manufacturer’s integrated child seat for children through
three years of age.21 A separate carrier, an integrated child seat, or a child booster seat may be
used for children aged four through five years. However, the requirement does not apply in
certain circumstances, including when a safety belt is used and the child:
 Is being transported gratuitously by an operator who is not a member of the child’s
immediate family;
 Is being transported in a medical emergency situation involving the child; or
 Has a medical condition that necessitates an exception as evidenced by appropriate
documentation from a health care professional.22
A violation of s. 316.613, F.S., is a moving violation punishable by a penalty of $60 plus
applicable local court costs, which may increase the total penalty to $158.23 In addition, the
violator will have three points assessed against his or her driver license.24 In lieu of the monetary
penalty and the assessment of points, a violator may elect to participate in a child restraint safety
program, with the approval of the court with jurisdiction over the violation. After completing the
program, the court may waive the monetary penalty, and must waive the assessment of points.25
Safety Belt Use Under 18
Section 316.614(4)(a), F.S., prohibits a person from operating a motor vehicle26 or autocycle27 in
this state unless each passenger and the operator of the vehicle or autocycle under the age of
18 years are restrained by a safety belt or by a child restraint device, if applicable. As used in
s.316.613, F.S., the term “motor vehicle” does not include:
 A school bus as defined in s. 316.003, F.S.
 A bus used for the transportation of persons for compensation.
 A farm tractor or implement of husbandry.
 A truck having a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 26,000 pounds.
 A motorcycle, moped, or bicycle.28
21
Section 316.613(1)(a)1., F.S.
22
Section 316.613(1)(a)2., F.S.
23
Section 316.613(5), F.S. and Court Clerks and Comptrollers, Distribution Schedule (December 2022), available at
https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.flclerks.com/resource/resmgr/advisories/2022/22bull098_attach_2_2022_dist.pdf at 45 (last
visited March 29, 2023).
24
Points on a driver license are set forth in s. 322.27(3), F.S.
25
Section 316.613(3), F.S.
26
Section 316.003(46), F.S., defines “motor vehicle,” except for purposes of the payment of tolls, as “a self-propelled vehicle
not operated upon rails or guideway, but not including any bicycle, motorized scooter, electric personal assistive mobility
device, mobile carrier, personal delivery device, swamp buggy, or moped.”
27
Section 316.003(2), F.S., defines “autocycle” as “a three-wheeled motorcycle that has two wheels in the front and one
wheel in the back; is equipped with a roll cage or roll hoops, a seat belt for each occupant, antilock brakes, a steering wheel,
and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride it; and is manufactured in accordance with the
applicable federal motorcycle safety standards in 49 C.F.R. part 571 by a manufacturer registered with the National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration.”
28
Section 316.614(3)(a), F.S.
BILL: CS/SB 1374 Page 6
The term “safety belt” is defined as a seat belt assembly that meets the requirements established
under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208, 49 C.F.R. s. 571.208.29
School Buses
Section 316.6145, F.S., requires each school bus30 purchased new after December 31, 2000, and
used to transport students in grades pre-K through 12 be equipped with safety belts or with any
other federally approved restraint system in a number sufficient to allow each student being
transported to use a separate safety belt or restraint system.31 Each school district is required to
prioritize the allocation of buses equipped with safety belts or restraint systems to children in
elementary schools.32 However, the provisions of s. 316.613, F.S., relating to child safety
restraints, do not apply to school buses, as they are excluded from the definition of “motor
vehicle” for purposes of that section.33
Child Care Facility Vehicles
Section 402.305(1), F.S., requires the Department of Children and Families (DCF) to establish
licensing standards that each licensed child care facility must meet regardless of the origin or
source of the fees used to operate the facility or the type of children served. Section 402.305(10),
F.S., requires the minimum standards, among other items, to include requirements for child
restraints or seat belts in vehicles used by child care facilities34 and large family child care
homes35 to transport children.
29
Section 316.614(3)(b), F.S.
30
Section 316.6145(1)(b), F.S., defines a “school bus” to mean “one that is owned, leased, operated, or contracted by a
school district.”
31
Section 316.6145(1), F.S.
32
Section 316.6145(4), F.S. Section 1006.25(2), F.S., requires each school bus regularly used for the transportation of
prekindergarten disability program and K-12 public school students to and from school or to and from school activities, and
owned, operated, rented, contracted, or leased by any district school board to comply with the applicable federal motor
vehicle safety standards. Subsection (4) of that section requires students be transported only in designated seating positions,
except in specified emergency situations, and use the occupant crash protection system provided by the manufacturer. The
Department of Education (DOE) posts on its website guidelines providing “clarification and interpretation of the NHTSA
Guidelines, and additional background and the DOE recommendations regarding technical and operational issues associated
with transporting pre-school age students.” See The Department of Education, Flo