The Florida Senate
BILL ANALYSIS AND FISCAL IMPACT STATEMENT
(This document is based on the provisions contained in the legislation as of the latest date listed below.)
Prepared By: The Professional Staff of the Committee on Fiscal Policy
BILL: CS/CS/SB 272
INTRODUCER: Appropriations Committee on Health and Human Services; Children, Families, and
Elder Affairs Committee; and Senator Garcia and others
SUBJECT: Children and Young Adults in Out-of-home Care
DATE: April 24, 2023 REVISED:
ANALYST STAFF DIRECTOR REFERENCE ACTION
1. Delia Cox CF Fav/CS
2. Sneed Money AHS Fav/CS
3. Delia Yeatman FP Favorable
Please see Section IX. for Additional Information:
COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE - Substantial Changes
I. Summary:
CS/CS/SB 272 is cited as the Nancy C. Detert Champion for Children Act.” The bill makes
several changes to the statutes to enhance support for children and young adults who are
currently or have formerly been in out-of-home care. The bill establishes the Office of the
Children’s Ombudsman within the Department of Children and Families (DCF) and expands
their participation in the Keys to Independence (Keys) program. The bill also requires certain
information about their basic rights to be provided to them and requires the DCF to consult with
these youth when creating or revising any print or digital information used to educate and inform
these youth to ensure the information is understandable and age-appropriate.
The bill amends s. 39.4085, F.S., to establish the Office of the Children’s Ombudsman within the
DCF to:
 Receive complaints from children and young adults about placement, care, and services and
assist in mediating such concerns.
 Be a resource to identify and explain relevant policies or procedures to children, young
adults, and their caregivers.
 Provide recommendations to the DCF to address systemic problems that are leading to
complaints from children and young adults.
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The bill requires case managers and other child welfare professionals to ensure that youth in out-
of-home care receive information about laws and requirements on their rights and related
education topics including:
 Normalcy and what that means for a child in out-of-home care;
 Safety;
 Education;
 Participation in court proceedings;
 Participation in permanency planning, transition planning and other case planning;
 Placement, visitation, and contact with siblings, family, and others; and
 Access to food, clothing, shelter, and health care.
The bill requires the DCF to consult with youth who are currently or have formerly been in out-
of-home care when creating or revising any print or digital written information and use their
feedback to ensure that such information is understandable, appropriate, and useful to them.
The bill amends s. 409.1454, F.S., to expand eligibility for the Keys program. The program is
designed to remove barriers for foster and former foster youth to obtain a driver’s license. The
bill removes the criteria that the youth must have been in licensed care upon his or her 18th
birthday. This change will allow approximately 450 additional young adults to be eligible to
participate in the Keys program.
The bill has an insignificant negative fiscal impact on state government expenditures.
The bill is effective July 1, 2023.
II. Present Situation:
Department of Children and Families
The mission of the DCF is to work in partnership with local communities to protect the
vulnerable, promote strong and economically self-sufficient families, and advance personal and
family recovery and resiliency.1
Under s. 20.19(4), F.S., the DCF must provide services relating to:
 Adult protection.
 Child care regulation.
 Child welfare.
 Domestic violence.
 Economic self-sufficiency.
 Homelessness.
 Mental health.
 Refugees.
 Substance abuse.
1
Section 20.19(1), F.S.
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The DCF must also deliver services by contract through private providers to the extent allowed
by law and funding.2 These private providers include community based care lead agencies
(CBCs) delivering child welfare services and managing entities (MEs) delivering behavioral
health services.
Florida’s Child Welfare System
Chapter 39, F.S., creates the dependency system charged with protecting child welfare. Florida’s
dependency system identifies children and families in need of services through reports to the
central abuse hotline and child protective investigations. DCF and the 18 CBCs throughout
Florida3 work with those families to address the problems endangering children, if possible. If
the problems are not addressed, the child welfare system finds safe out-of-home placements for
these children.
The DCF’s practice model is based on the safety of the child within the home by using in-home
services, such as parenting coaching and counseling, to maintain and strengthen that child’s
natural supports in his or her environment.
The DCF contracts with CBCs for case management, out-of-home services, and related services.
The outsourced provision of child welfare services is intended to increase local community
ownership of service delivery and design. CBCs contract with a number of subcontractors for
case management and direct care services to children and their families.
The DCF remains responsible for a number of child welfare functions, including operating the
central abuse hotline, performing child protective investigations, and providing children’s legal
services.4 Ultimately, the DCF is responsible for program oversight and the overall performance
of the child welfare system.5
Rights of and Goals for Delivery of Services to Children in Foster Care
The U.S. and Florida Constitutions provide rights to individuals, including children in foster
care, as do certain federal and state laws. Examples include basic rights and a right to privacy
under Article I, §2 and Article I, §23 of the Florida Constitution, the right to high quality
education under Article IX of the Florida Constitution, and due process rights under the U.S.
Constitution.
When a state takes a child into custody, it accepts responsibility for the child’s safety. 6 Courts
have found that foster children have a constitutional right to be free from unnecessary pain and a
fundamental right to physical safety.7 When a state fails to meet that obligation, it deprives the
child of a liberty interest under the Fourteenth Amendment.8
2
Id.
3
These 18 CBCs together serve the state’s 20 judicial circuits.
4
Ch. 39, F.S.
5
Id.
6
Ray v. Foltz, 370 F.3d 1079, 1082 (11th Cir. 2004)(citing Taylor v. Ledbetter, 818 F.2d 791-95 (11th Cir. 1987).
7
Id.
8
Id.
BILL: CS/CS/SB 272 Page 4
Section 39.4085, F.S., sets forth goals9 for the delivery of services to children in shelter or foster
care, including that services should be directed by the principle that the health and safety of
children should be of paramount concern and children in shelter or foster care should:
 Receive a copy of these goals and have the goals fully explained to them when they are
placed in the custody of the DCF.
 Enjoy individual dignity, liberty, pursuit of happiness, and the protection of their civil and
legal rights as a person while in the custody of the state.
 Have their privacy protected, have their personal belongings secure and transported with
them, and unless otherwise ordered by the court, have uncensored communication, including
receiving and sending unopened communications and having access to a telephone.
 Have personnel providing services who are sufficiently qualified and experienced to assess
risk children face prior to removal from their home and to meet the needs of the children
once they are in the DCF’s custody.
 Remain in the custody of their parents or legal custodians unless and until there has been a
determination by a qualified person exercising competent professional judgment that removal
is necessary to protect their physical, mental, or emotional health or safety.
 Have a full risk, health, educational, medical, and psychological screening, and, if needed,
assessment and testing upon adjudication into foster care; and to have their photograph and
fingerprints included in their case management file.
 Be referred to and receive services, including necessary medical, emotional, psychological,
psychiatric, and educational evaluations and treatment, as soon as practicable after
identification of the need for such services by the screening and assessment process.
 Be placed in a home with no more than one other child, unless part of a sibling group.
 Be placed away from other children known to pose a threat of harm to them, either because
of their own risk factors or those of the other child.
 Be placed in a home where the shelter or foster caregiver is aware of and understands the
child’s history, needs, and risk factors.
 Be the subject of a plan developed by the counselor and the shelter or foster caregiver to deal
with identified behaviors that may present a risk to the child or others.
 Be involved and incorporated, where appropriate, in the development of the case plan, to
have a case plan that will address their specific needs, and to object to any of the provisions
in the case plan.
 Receive meaningful case management and planning that will quickly return the child to the
family or move the child on to other forms of permanency.
 Receive regular communication with a case manager, at least once a month, which includes
meetings with the child alone and conferring with the caregiver.
 Enjoy regular visitation, at least once a week, with their siblings unless the court orders
otherwise.
 Enjoy regular visitation with parents, at least once a month, unless the court orders otherwise.
9
The provisions of s. 39.4085, F.S., establish goals, not rights. The section does not require the delivery of any particular
service or level of service in excess of existing appropriations. A person does not have a cause of action against the state or
any of its subdivisions, agencies, contractors, subcontractors, or agents, based upon the adoption of or failure to provide
adequate funding for the achievement of these goals by the Legislature. The section does not require the expenditure of funds
to meet the goals except funds specifically appropriated for such purpose.
BILL: CS/CS/SB 272 Page 5
 Receive a free and appropriate education, minimal disruption to their education, and retention
in their home school, if appropriate; referral to the child study team; all special educational
services, including, where appropriate, the appointment of a parent surrogate; the sharing of
all necessary information between the school board and the DCF, including information on
attendance and educational progress.
 Be able to raise grievances with the DCF over the care they are receiving from their
caregivers, case managers, or other service providers.
 Be heard by the court, if appropriate, at all review hearings.
 Have a guardian ad litem appointed to represent, within reason, their best interests and,
where appropriate, an attorney ad litem appointed to represent their legal interests. Their
guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem must have immediate and unlimited access to the
children they represent.
 Have all their records available for review by their guardian ad litem and attorney ad litem if
they deem such review is necessary.
 Organize as a group for purposes of ensuring they receive the services and living conditions
to which they are entitled and to provide support for one another while in the DCF’s custody.
 Be afforded prompt access to all available state and federal programs.
In accordance with s. 39.4091, F.S., caregivers for children in out-of-home care must use the
“reasonable and prudent parent standard”. This means that the caregiver must use sensible
parental decision-making that maintains the child’s health, safety, and best interests while at the
same time encourages the child’s emotional and developmental growth when determining
whether to allow a child in out-of-home care to participate in extracurricular, enrichment, and
social activities.10
Public Law 113-183, Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act, requires that,
as part of case planning beginning at age 14, children in foster care must be given a document
describing their rights with respect to safety, exploitation, education, health, visitation, and court
participation. They must also be informed of their rights to be provided certain specific
documents such as copies of consumer credit reports. Children are to sign an acknowledgement
that they received these documents.11
The DCF created a 5-page brochure that outlines these expectations and describes the services of
the Children’s Ombudsman.12
Education and Information for Children in the Child Welfare System
Section 39.4085, F.S., requires that the design and delivery of child welfare services must be
directed by the principle that the health and safety of children, including the freedom from abuse,
abandonment, or neglect, is of paramount concern. The DCF is to operate with the understanding
that the rights of children in shelter or foster care are critical to their safety, permanency, and
10
The DCF, CFOP 170-11, Ch. 6, Sept. 2020, available at https://www.myflfamilies.com/resources/policies-procedures/cfop-
170-11-placement (last visited March 30, 2023).
11
The DCF, 2023 Agency Bill Analysis for SB 272 at p. 2, March 1, 2023 (on file with the Senate Appropriations Committee
on Health and Human Services) (hereinafter cited as, “The DCF Analysis”).
12
The DCF, Youth in Foster Care, available at https://www.myflfamilies.com/sites/default/files/2022-12/10-28-Foster-
Expectations.pdf (last visited March 30, 2023).
BILL: CS/CS/SB 272 Page 6
well-being and to work with all stakeholders to help such children become knowledgeable about
their rights.
Case managers or other staff must provide verbal and written instructions to a child entering
shelter or foster care in an understandable manner on how to identify and report child abuse,
abandonment, or neglect. The case manager or other staff must review this information with a
child every six months and upon every placement change until the child leaves shelter or foster
care. The case manager must document in court reports and case notes the date the child received
the information.
Florida Children’s Ombudsman
In September of 2016, the DCF created an Ombudsman position which operates within the
Office of Child and Family Wellbeing. The position was designed with the intent to listen and be
a voice for children and youth involved in the child welfare system. The Ombudsman receives
complaints about placement, care, and services, while assisting in mediating those concerns. The
Ombudsman is a resource to identify and explain relevant polices or procedures to children,
young adults, and their caregivers. The current Ombudsman responds to 450 cases on average
each year. Although the Ombudsman is an important piece of the larger child welfare system,
this team currently consists of one Ombudsman who serves mostly as a resource for information
to the population they serve. As currently structured, the Ombudsman is not responsible for
onsite investigations, reaching complaint resolution, or coordination with Lead Agencies, case
workers, or the guardian ad litem.
The DCF currently operates a webpage that explains the Ombudsman’s role and displays a toll-
free number and email address to be used for children and young adults in out-of-home care who
may have questions, concerns, or complaints.
Rule 65C-46.003(5)(d), F.A.C., requires all licensed residential group homes (child-caring
agencies) t